Using Instagram data from 166 individuals, we applied machine learning tools to successfully identify markers of depression. Statistical features were computationally extracted from 43,950 ...participant Instagram photos, using color analysis, metadata components, and algorithmic face detection. Resulting models outperformed general practitioners’ average unassisted diagnostic success rate for depression. These results held even when the analysis was restricted to posts made before depressed individuals were first diagnosed. Human ratings of photo attributes (happy, sad, etc.) were weaker predictors of depression, and were uncorrelated with computationally-generated features. These results suggest new avenues for early screening and detection of mental illness.
We developed computational models to predict the emergence of depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Twitter users. Twitter data and details of depression history were collected from 204 ...individuals (105 depressed, 99 healthy). We extracted predictive features measuring affect, linguistic style, and context from participant tweets (N = 279,951) and built models using these features with supervised learning algorithms. Resulting models successfully discriminated between depressed and healthy content, and compared favorably to general practitioners' average success rates in diagnosing depression, albeit in a separate population. Results held even when the analysis was restricted to content posted before first depression diagnosis. State-space temporal analysis suggests that onset of depression may be detectable from Twitter data several months prior to diagnosis. Predictive results were replicated with a separate sample of individuals diagnosed with PTSD (N
= 174, N
= 243,775). A state-space time series model revealed indicators of PTSD almost immediately post-trauma, often many months prior to clinical diagnosis. These methods suggest a data-driven, predictive approach for early screening and detection of mental illness.
The adenosine 5'-triphosphate-gated P2X4 receptor channel is a promising target in neuroinflammatory disorders, but the ability to effectively target these receptors in models of neuroinflammation ...has presented a constant challenge. As such, the exact role of P2X4 receptors and their cell signalling mechanisms in human physiology and pathophysiology still requires further elucidation. To this end, research into the molecular mechanisms of P2X4 receptor activation, modulation, and inhibition has continued to gain momentum in an attempt to further describe the role of P2X4 receptors in neuroinflammation and other disease settings. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the P2X4 receptor, including its expression and function in cells involved in neuroinflammatory signalling. We discuss the pharmacology of P2X4 receptors and provide an overview of P2X4-targeting molecules, including agonists, positive allosteric modulators, and antagonists. Finally, we discuss the use of P2X4 receptor modulators and antagonists in models of neuroinflammatory cell signalling and disease.
The experience of social exclusion in the workplace adversely impacts employees' well-being, job satisfaction, and productivity, and no one quite knows what to do about it. In this report, we ...describe the development and testing of three ostracism interventions, designed to help people cope with the negative effects of being excluded by one's team. Across five studies, participants were assigned to a virtual ball toss game where they were either included or excluded by their teammates. Afterwards, they were given a task where they could earn money for themselves, for their entire team, or for an unrelated group (charity). Excluded participants worked less hard for their teams (even when this meant sacrificing their own earnings). This sabotage effect was specific, meaning that excluded individuals worked less hard on behalf of their teams, but not when they worked for themselves or for charity. We devised three intervention strategies-perspective, mentorship, and empowerment-to combat the negative effects of ostracism on people's willingness to work for their teams. These interventions were successful; each increased people's persistence in a team-based reward task, and in some cases, even raised the outcomes of excluded teammates to levels observed in included teammates. The effectiveness of these interventions also replicated successfully, using preregistered hypotheses, methods, and analyses. These studies add novel insights to a variety of fields that have examined the consequences of social exclusion, including social psychology, organizational behavior, and management science.
Purinergic receptors of the P2 subclass are commonly found in human and rodent macrophages where they can be activated by adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) or uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP) to mediate ...Ca2+ mobilization, resulting in downstream signalling to promote inflammation and pain. However, little is understood regarding these receptors in canine macrophages. To establish a macrophage model of canine P2 receptor signalling, the expression of these receptors in the DH82 canine macrophage cell line was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry. P2 receptor function in DH82 cells was pharmacologically characterised using nucleotide-induced measurements of Fura-2 AM-bound intracellular Ca2+. RT-PCR revealed predominant expression of P2X4 receptors, while immunocytochemistry confirmed predominant expression of P2Y2 receptors, with low levels of P2X4 receptor expression. ATP and UTP induced robust Ca2+ responses in the absence or presence of extracellular Ca2+. ATP-induced responses were only partially inhibited by the P2X4 receptor antagonists, 2′,3′-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-ATP (TNP-ATP), paroxetine and 5-BDBD, but were strongly potentiated by ivermectin. UTP-induced responses were near completely inhibited by the P2Y2 receptor antagonists, suramin and AR-C118925. P2Y2 receptor-mediated Ca2+ mobilization was inhibited by U-73122 and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), indicating P2Y2 receptor coupling to the phospholipase C and inositol triphosphate signal transduction pathway. Together this data demonstrates, for the first time, the expression of functional P2 receptors in DH82 canine macrophage cells and identifies a potential cell model for studying macrophage-mediated purinergic signalling in inflammation and pain in dogs.
A rapid drug discovery response to influenza outbreaks with the potential to reach pandemic status could help minimize the virus's impact by reducing the time to identify anti-influenza drugs. ...Although several anti-influenza strategies have been considered in the search for new drugs, only a few therapeutic agents are approved for clinical use. The cytopathic effect induced by the influenza virus in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells has been widely used for high-throughput anti-influenza drug screening, but the fact that the MDCK cells are not human cells constitutes a disadvantage when searching for new therapeutic agents for human use. We have developed a highly sensitive cell-based imaging assay for the identification of inhibitors of influenza A and B virus that is high-throughput compatible using the A549 human cell line. The assay has also been optimized for the assessment of the neutralizing effect of anti-influenza antibodies in the absence of trypsin, which allows testing of purified antibodies and serum samples. This assay platform can be applied to full high-throughput screening campaigns or later stages requiring quantitative potency determinations for structure-activity relationships.
Human infections with avian influenza A (H5N1) are relatively rare but are associated with high mortality. As of July 5, 2010 there had been 500 cases and 296 fatalities. The influenza virus readily ...undergoes mutation and reassortment, and there are concerns that an H5N1 variant could be responsible for a future pandemic. The influenza neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir are approved for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. Oseltamivir is being used to treat H5N1 infections and the case has been made for a role for zanamivir; however, there are no case reports for the latter. Zanamivir is a potent inhibitor of H5N1, attains high lung concentrations immediately on administration, distributes into plasma at antiviral concentrations, has a low propensity for generating resistant virus, and retains activity against H275Y oseltamivir-resistant virus. There have been several reports of oseltamivir-resistant H5N1 arising during treatment with oseltamivir, and zanamivir retains effectiveness (in vitro or in vivo) against these isolates. Compassionate use of intravenous zanamivir for the treatment of seriously ill patients, including those with H275Y H1N1 infections, has also shown promising results. It is concluded that there is a role for zanamivir in treating H5N1 infections either as the approved, inhaled formulation in patients capable of using the Diskhaler, or as the intravenous formulation if compassionate use is warranted. The relatively small number of patients with these infections remains an obstacle to completion of clinical trials. Evidence is therefore likely to be based on carefully documented case reports, ideally in patients treated early in the course of the infection.
The liking gap in groups and teams Mastroianni, Adam M.; Cooney, Gus; Boothby, Erica J. ...
Organizational behavior and human decision processes,
January 2021, 2021-01-00, Letnik:
162
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•After group conversations, people underestimated how much they were liked by others.•This liking gap persisted in engineering teams working together on group projects.•The effect was larger among ...peers than between supervisors and supervisees.•The liking gap also had important consequences in a general sample of working adults.•Consequences include team communication and efficacy as well as job satisfaction.
Every relationship begins with a conversation. Past research suggests that after initial conversations, there exists a liking gap: people underestimate how much their partners like them. We extend this finding by providing evidence that it arises in conversations among small groups (Study 1), continues to exist in engineering teams working on a project together (Study 2), and is linked to important consequences for teams’ ability to work together in a sample of working adults (Study 3). Additional evidence suggests that the liking gap is largest for peer relationships and that it is determined in part by the extent to which people focus on negative aspects of the impressions they make on others. Group conversations and team interactions often leave people feeling uncertain about where they stand with others, but our studies suggest that people are liked more than they know.
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