Unit activity in particular deep neural networks (DNNs) are remarkably similar to the neuronal population responses to static images along the primate ventral visual cortex. Linear combinations of ...DNN unit activities are widely used to build predictive models of neuronal activity in the visual cortex. Nevertheless, prediction performance in these models is often investigated on stimulus sets consisting of everyday objects under naturalistic settings. Recent work has revealed a generalization gap in how predicting neuronal responses to synthetically generated out-of-distribution (OOD) stimuli. Here, we investigated how the recent progress in improving DNNs' object recognition generalization, as well as various DNN design choices such as architecture, learning algorithm, and datasets have impacted the generalization gap in neural predictivity. We came to a surprising conclusion that the performance on none of the common computer vision OOD object recognition benchmarks is predictive of OOD neural predictivity performance. Furthermore, we found that adversarially robust models often yield substantially higher generalization in neural predictivity, although the degree of robustness itself was not predictive of neural predictivity score. These results suggest that improving object recognition behavior on current benchmarks alone may not lead to more general models of neurons in the primate ventral visual cortex.
Abstract The supply chain for prefabricated buildings (PB) currently grapples with pressing challenges. In order to ensure the safe and stable development of the prefabricated building supply chains ...(PBSC), this study aims to identify the key factors and internal mechanisms affecting the PBSC, and propose a supply chain resilience enhancement mechanism, so as to promote the sustainable development of the PB industry. The study combined a literature review and survey data to identify key resilience factors in PBSC. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to explore the relationships between these factors. System dynamics were applied to create a simulation model, assessing the resilience impact level and conducting sensitivity analysis. The results show that the transportation and procurement processes are the most significant factors influencing supply chain resilience. The external environmental factors wielded a more pronounced impact on the overall evaluation of supply chain resilience than the delivery and use processes, but delivery and use processes are more sensitive. The study uses the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model to suggest strategies for enhancing supply chain resilience. This study contributes to more sustainable and efficient construction practices by offering an innovative theoretical framework to analyze the factors influencing PBSC resilience and proposing enhancement strategies.
Since LiFePO
4
has few other valuable metals except lithium, there are no economic advantages in recovery of scrapped LiFePO
4
by leaching. Therefore, regeneration of scrapped LiFePO
4
is the most ...reasonable choice. Based on the study of the main cause of the capacity fading of LiFePO
4
(the loss of lithium), traditional regeneration method (solid-phase calcination) and a new process (hydrothermal treatment followed by annealing) are both applied to replenish lithium ions in this work. Compared with solid-phase calcination, hydrothermal treatment can not only make the lithium replenishment more uniform and make the particles have better morphology, but also avoid the side reactions to reduce the formation of impurities. In hydrothermal reaction, the solution dissolves only LiOH and Na
2
SO
3
. So the waste liquid is easily disposed of and it can’t trigger environmental secondary pollution. In addition, hydrothermal re-lithiation does not require tedious calculation of the amount of lithium to be added. The subsequent annealing can improve the crystallinity, improving the initial and rate capacity. The LiFePO
4
regenerated by solid-phase calcination regained the initial capacity of 135.13 mAh g
−1
. After hydrothermal reaction at suitable temperatures (150 and 180 °C) followed by annealing, the initial capacity can increase to 144.02 and 141.81 mAh g
−1
, respectively.
When the conventional Hertz formula is used to extract the elastic modulus,
E,
of cells based on the compression test using atomic force microscope spherical probe, the inconsistency between the ...actual situation and the assumption of the formula will lead to a large error. Using the ABAQUS for finite element modeling and analysis, here, a modified Hertz formula was developed to reduce the effects of cell radius, cell thickness, probe radius and compression depth on the extracted
E
of cells. Experimentally, the insensitivity of the extracted
E
to the compression region of cell and probe radius reflects the validity of the modified formula. Owing to the poor resolution of spherical probes, it's unlikely to know the actual thickness of cell at the measured point, which can lead to a huge error. Based on the modified formula, we further proposed an approach to control the effect of the uncertainty of cell thickness and ensured that a 10% difference in cell thickness does not incur over 10% variation in the obtained elastic modulus.
This paper describes a novel method to determine a road profile through the analysis of accelerations in a passing vehicle. A direct integration algorithm is proposed to determine the profile from ...the measured vehicle acceleration response. A sprung mass model and a half-car model are used to represent the vehicles in separate analyses. Combining the direct integration algorithm with the Cross Entropy (CE) optimisation method, a vehicle fleet monitoring concept is proposed for the monitoring of roads and/or bridges. In this approach, the profile can be calculated using accelerations from multiple vehicles without prior knowledge of the vehicle properties. Numerical results show that calculated profiles are the same as the 'true' profiles which were used to generate the 'simulated measured' accelerations.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a worldwide health problem currently lacking therapeutics that directly promote renal repair or prevent the occurrence of chronic fibrosis. DNA damage is a feature of ...many forms of kidney injury, and targeting DNA damage and repair might be effective strategies for kidney protection in AKI. Boosting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD
) levels is thought to have beneficial effects on DNA damage repair and fibrosis in other organs. However, no kidney-related studies of such effects have been performed to date. Here, we have shown that NMN (an NAD
precursor) administration could significantly reduce tubular cell DNA damage and subsequent cellular senescence induced by hydrogen peroxide and hypoxia in human proximal tubular cells (HK-2 cells). The DNA damage inhibition, antiaging and anti-inflammatory effects of NMN were further confirmed in a unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (uIRI) mouse model. Most importantly, the antifibrosis activity of NMN was also shown in ischemic AKI mouse models, regardless of whether NMN was administered in advance or during the recovery phase. Collectively, these results suggest that NMN could significantly inhibit tubular cell DNA damage, senescence and inflammation. NMN administration might be an effective strategy for preventing or treating kidney fibrosis after AKI.
As SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other variants of concern (VOCs) continue spreading worldwide, development of antibodies and vaccines to confer broad and protective activity is a global priority. Here, we ...report on the identification of a special group of nanobodies from immunized alpaca with potency against diverse VOCs including Omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5, SARS-CoV-1, and major sarbecoviruses. Crystal structure analysis of one representative nanobody, 3-2A2-4, discovers a highly conserved epitope located between the cryptic and the outer face of the receptor binding domain (RBD), distinctive from the receptor ACE2 binding site. Cryo-EM and biochemical evaluation reveal that 3-2A2-4 interferes structural alteration of RBD required for ACE2 binding. Passive delivery of 3-2A2-4 protects K18-hACE2 mice from infection of authentic SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron. Identification of these unique nanobodies will inform the development of next generation antibody therapies and design of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines.
Electronic metal–support interactions (EMSI) describe the electron flow between metal sites and a metal oxide support. It is generally used to follow the mechanism of redox reactions. In this study ...of CuO‐CeO2 redox, an additional flow of electrons from metallic Cu to surface carbon species is observed via a combination of operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction, near ambient pressure near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. An electronic metal–support–carbon interaction (EMSCI) is proposed to explain the reaction pathway of CO oxidation. The EMSCI provides a complete picture of the mass and electron flow, which will help predict and improve the catalytic performance in the selective activation of CO2, carbonate, or carbonyl species in C1 chemistry.
During the oxidation of CO over the surface of a CuO‐CeO2 catalyst, electrons are simultaneously transferred from Cu0 to lattice Ce4+ and surface carbon species deposited from CO. These “electronic metal–support–carbon interactions” (EMSCI) are thought to play an important role in the reactions involving the support and surface carbon species in C1 chemistry.
The widely-used pyrethroid pesticides have attracted public attention because of their potentials to cause environmental pollution and toxic effects on non-target organisms. Esterase is a kind of ...hydrolytic enzyme that can catalyze the cleavage or formation of ester bonds. it plays a pivotal role in the decomposition of pyrethroids and esters containing industrial pollutants through the hydrolysis of ester bonds. Here, a new esterase gene est882 was successfully screened, which encodes Est882, a SGNH family esterase composed of 294 amino acids. It was heterogeneously expressed, identified and immobilized. Multiple sequence alignment showed that Est882 had a typical GDS(X) conserved motif and a catalytic triad composed of Ser79, Asp269 and His275. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Est882 shall belong to a new esterase family. Biochemical characterization demonstrated that the optimum condition was 40°C and pH 9.0. Est882 immobilization was studied with mesoporous silica SBA-15 as the carrier and found to significantly improve the tolerance and stability of Est882. Its optimum pH increased to 10.0 and stabilized within pH 8.0-11.0. Free Est882 can effectively degrade various pyrethroids within 30 min, with a degradation rate above 80%. The immobilized Est882 yet degraded more than 70% of pyrethroids within 30 min. The present study indicated that Est882 has outstanding potential in bioremediation of a pyrethroid-polluted environment. These characteristics endow Est882 with potential values in various industrial applications and hydrolysis of pyrethroid residues.
Numerical simulation has become a useful approach to explore the complex physical and chemical process inside the supercritical water (SCW) fluidized bed reactor. Due to the drastic and non-linear ...variation of water properties near pseudocritical point, the flow field and drag coefficient of SCW flow past a cold particle are considerably different from that of conventional flow. Therefore, in this work, particle-resolved numerical investigation is conducted to study the flow field and drag characteristics under the influence of the special water properties variation. Through varying the enthalpy corresponding to the particle surface temperature, which will be called the particle surface enthalpy for short, in a wide range, it realizes the study under different properties variation tendencies. The simulated results demonstrate that the variations of drag coefficient versus Reynolds number (
Re
) and particle surface enthalpy are in good regularity when taking the freestream temperature as reference temperature. The drag coefficient is enhanced greatly at high enthalpy difference between particle surface and inflow, and the enhancement is mainly contributed by that of the frictional drag coefficient. Moreover, the drag coefficient variations under different pressures are in good agreement when cases are set with the same inflow and particle surface enthalpies, respectively. By fitting the simulated results, a new drag coefficient correlation is developed for
Re
range of 10–200 with consideration of the influence of the special properties variation. The fitting quality is good that the maximum deviation between the new correlation and simulated data is 13.92%, and the mean deviation is 3.67%.
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