Context.
Accreting planetary-mass objects have been detected at H
α
, but targeted searches have mainly resulted in non-detections. Accretion tracers in the planetary-mass regime could originate from ...the shock itself, making them particularly susceptible to extinction by the accreting material. High-resolution (
R
> 50 000) spectrographs operating at H
α
should soon enable one to study how the incoming material shapes the line profile.
Aims.
We calculate how much the gas and dust accreting onto a planet reduce the H
α
flux from the shock at the planetary surface and how they affect the line shape. We also study the absorption-modified relationship between the H
α
luminosity and accretion rate.
Methods.
We computed the high-resolution radiative transfer of the H
α
line using a one-dimensional velocity–density–temperature structure for the inflowing matter in three representative accretion geometries: spherical symmetry, polar inflow, and magnetospheric accretion. For each, we explored the wide relevant ranges of the accretion rate and planet mass. We used detailed gas opacities and carefully estimated possible dust opacities.
Results.
At accretion rates of
Ṁ
≲ 3 × 10
−6
M
J
yr
−1
, gas extinction is negligible for spherical or polar inflow and at most
A
H
α
≲ 0.5 mag for magnetospheric accretion. Up to
Ṁ
≈ 3 × 10
−4
M
J
yr
−1
, the gas contributes
A
H
α
≲ 4 mag. This contribution decreases with mass. We estimate realistic dust opacities at H
α
to be
κ
~ 0.01–10 cm
2
g
−1
, which is 10–10
4
times lower than in the interstellar medium. Extinction flattens the
L
H
α
–
Ṁ
relationship, which becomes non-monotonic with a maximum luminosity
L
H
α
~ 10
−4
L
⊙
towards
Ṁ
≈ 10
−4
M
J
yr
−1
for a planet mass ~10
M
J
. In magnetospheric accretion, the gas can introduce features in the line profile, while the velocity gradient smears them out in other geometries.
Conclusions.
For a wide part of parameter space, extinction by the accreting matter should be negligible, simplifying the interpretation of observations, especially for planets in gaps. At high
Ṁ
, strong absorption reduces the H
α
flux, and some measurements can be interpreted as two
Ṁ
values. Highly resolved line profiles (
R
~ 10
5
) can provide (complex) constraints on the thermal and dynamical structure of the accretion flow.
Recent observations by the B-star Exoplanet Abundance Study (BEAST) illustrate the existence of substellar companions around very massive stars. Here, we present the detection of two lower mass ...companions to a relatively nearby (148.7
−1.3
+1.5
pc), young (17
−4
+3
Myr), bright (
V
= 6.632 ± 0.006 mag), 2.58 ± 0.06
M
⊙
B9V star HIP 81208 residing in the Sco-Cen association using the Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch (SPHERE) instrument at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile. Our analysis of the photometry obtained gives mass estimates of 67
−7
+6
M
J
for the inner companion and 0.135
−0.013
+0.010
M
⊙
for the outer companion, indicating that the former is most likely a brown dwarf and the latter a low-mass star. The system is compact but unusual, as the orbital planes of the two companions are likely close to orthogonal. The preliminary orbital solutions we derive for the system indicate that the star and the two companions are likely in a Kozai resonance, rendering the system dynamically very interesting for future studies.
Context.
Virtually all known exoplanets reside around stars with
M <
2.3
M
⊙
either due to the rapid evaporation of the protostellar disks or to selection effects impeding detections around more ...massive stellar hosts.
Aims.
To clarify if this dearth of planets is real or a selection effect, we launched the planet-hunting B-star Exoplanet Abundance STudy (BEAST) survey targeting B stars (M > 2.4 M
⊙
) in the young (5−20 Myr) Scorpius-Centaurus association by means of the high-contrast spectro-imager SPHERE at the Very Large Telescope.
Methods.
In this paper we present the analysis of high-contrast images of the massive (M ~ 9 M
⊙
) star
μ
2
Sco obtained within BEAST. We carefully examined the properties of this star, combining data from
Gaia
and from the literature, and used state-of-the-art algorithms for the reduction and analysis of our observations.
Results.
Based on kinematic information, we found that μ
2
Sco is a member of a small group which we label Eastern Lower Scorpius within the Scorpius-Centaurus association. We were thus able to constrain its distance, refining in turn the precision on stellar parameters. Around this star we identify a robustly detected substellar companion (14.4 ± 0.8
M
J
)at a projected separation of 290 ± 10 au, and a probable second similar object (18.5 ± 1.5
M
J
) at 21 ± 1 au. The planet-to-star mass ratios of these objects are similar to that of Jupiter to the Sun, and the flux they receive from the star is similar to those of Jupiter and Mercury, respectively.
Conclusions.
The robust and the probable companions of
μ
2
Sco are naturally added to the giant 10.9
M
J
planet recently discovered by BEAST around the binary b Cen system. While these objects are slightly more massive than the deuterium burning limit, their properties are similar to those of giant planets around less massive stars and they are better reproduced by assuming that they formed under a planet-like, rather than a star-like scenario. Irrespective of the (needed) confirmation of the inner companion,
μ
2
Sco is the first star that would end its life as a supernova that hosts such a system. The tentative high frequency of BEAST discoveries is unexpected, and it shows that systems with giant planets or small-mass brown dwarfs can form around B stars. When putting this finding in the context of core accretion and gravitational instability formation scenarios, we conclude that the current modeling of both mechanisms is not able to produce this kind of companion. The completion of BEAST will pave the way for the first time to an extension of these models to intermediate and massive stars.
Context.
Since 2019, the direct imaging B-star Exoplanet Abundance STudy (BEAST) at SPHERE@VLT has been scanning the surroundings of young B-type stars in order to ascertain the ultimate frontiers of ...giant planet formation. Recently, the 17
−4
+3
Myr HIP 81208 was found to host a close-in (∼50 au) brown dwarf and a wider (∼230 au) late M star around the central 2.6
M
⊙
primary.
Aims.
Alongside the continuation of the survey, we are undertaking a complete reanalysis of archival data aimed at improving detection performances so as to uncover additional low-mass companions.
Methods.
We present here a new reduction of the observations of HIP 81208 using the patch covariance algorithm (PACO), a recent and powerful algorithm dedicated to processing high-contrast imaging datasets, as well as more classical algorithms and a dedicated point spread function subtraction approach. The combination of different techniques allowed for a reliable extraction of astrometric and photometric parameters.
Results.
A previously undetected source was recovered at a short separation from the C component of the system. Proper motion analysis provided robust evidence for the gravitational bond of the object to HIP 81208 C. Orbiting C at a distance of ∼20 au, this 15
M
Jup
brown dwarf becomes the fourth object of the hierarchical HIP 81208 system.
Conclusions.
Among the several BEAST stars which are being found to host substellar companions, HIP 81208 stands out as a particularly striking system. As the first stellar binary system with substellar companions around each component ever found by direct imaging, it yields exquisite opportunities for thorough formation and dynamical follow-up studies.
Background
Pain from various locations in the body and mental illness are common and the comorbidity between the two is well‐known although the temporal relationship remains to be determined. Our aim ...was to follow patients over time to study if pain (here dorsalgia/abdominal pain) or fibromyalgia lead to an increased risk of developing mental illness (here depression/anxiety) and/or the reverse, that is whether patients with mental illness have an increased risk to develop pain or fibromyalgia, compared to the rest of the population.
Methods
This prospective cohort study used the Skåne Healthcare Register, covering all care in the region of Skåne, southern Sweden (population ~1.3 million). The cohort included healthcare consultations in primary care, outpatient specialized care and inpatient care between 2007 and 2016 for all patients without prior registered diagnosis of mental illness or pain, aged 18 or older (n = 504,365).
Results
The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for developing mental illness after pain was 2.18 (95% CI = 2.14–2.22) compared to without pain. IRR for developing pain after mental illness was 2.02 (95% CI = 1.98–2.06) compared to without mental illness. Corresponding IRR for developing mental illness after fibromyalgia was 4.05 (95% CI = 3.58–4.59) and for developing fibromyalgia after mental illness 5.54 (95% CI = 4.99–6.16).
Conclusions
This study shows a bidirectional influence of similar magnitude of pain and mental illness, respectively. In monitoring patients with pain or mental illness, a focus on both conditions is thus important to develop appropriate, targeted interventions and may increase the likelihood of improved outcomes.
Significance
We followed a population‐based cohort over a period of 10 years, including incident cases of both exposure and outcome and found a bidirectional relationship between pain and mental illness. Clinicians need to pay attention on both conditions, in patients seeking care due to mental illness or pain.
The study of human macrophages and their ontogeny is an important unresolved issue. Here, we use a humanized mouse model expressing human cytokines to dissect the development of lung macrophages from ...human hematopoiesis in vivo. Human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) generated three macrophage populations, occupying separate anatomical niches in the lung. Intravascular cell labeling, cell transplantation, and fate-mapping studies established that classical CD14+ blood monocytes derived from HSPCs migrated into lung tissue and gave rise to human interstitial and alveolar macrophages. In contrast, non-classical CD16+ blood monocytes preferentially generated macrophages resident in the lung vasculature (pulmonary intravascular macrophages). Finally, single-cell RNA sequencing defined intermediate differentiation stages in human lung macrophage development from blood monocytes. This study identifies distinct developmental pathways from circulating monocytes to lung macrophages and reveals how cellular origin contributes to human macrophage identity, diversity, and localization in vivo.
Display omitted
•A developmental map of human lung macrophages from blood monocytes in vivo•Extravasating CD14+ monocytes give rise to alveolar and interstitial macrophages•Identification of CD14+HLA-DRhi lung monocytes as intermediate differentiation stage•Pulmonary intravascular macrophages originate from CD16+ blood monocytes
Tissue-resident macrophages maintain healthy organ function, but the ontogeny of human macrophages is largely unknown. Using humanized mice and single-cell RNA sequencing, Evren et al. uncover the migration and differentiation of blood monocytes into distinct populations of human lung macrophages in vivo.
To determine whether the psychological benefits of intense, inpatient, multimodal rehabilitation for persons with Huntingtons disease (HD), as found in earlier studies, also apply in a shorter, ...day-care setting.
Prospective, non-randomized cohort study.
Twenty patients attending a group-based 8-week (3 days/week) rehabilitation programme aimed at persons in early stages of HD.
An explorative cohort study on register data from a specialized rehabilitation centre, includ-ing descriptive data, number of cancellations, a self-reported evaluation, and measures of psychiatric symptoms, health-related quality of life, sense of coherence and physical function at baseline and at the end of rehabilitation.
Patients' attendance rate was almost 90%. Patients were satisfied, and displayed significantly reduced anxiety and depression and improved health-related quality of life after rehabilitation. Baseline measures of sense of coherence showed significant negative correlation with the number of cancelled days of rehabilitation. Physical function improved, but did not correlate significantly with psychological outcome measures.
These results indicate that an 8-week multimodal day-care rehabilitation programme can be tolerable, reduce psychiatric symptoms, and improve health-related quality of life for people with HD. A higher sense of coherence seems to promote attendance rates. Further larger studies, including the impact of cognition and disease progression on the treatment effect, are warranted.
Stromal cells support epithelial cell and immune cell homeostasis and play an important role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. Here, we quantify the stromal response to inflammation ...in pediatric IBD and reveal subset-specific inflammatory responses across colon segments and intestinal layers. Using data from a murine dynamic gut injury model and human ex vivo transcriptomic, protein and spatial analyses, we report that PDGFRA
CD142
fibroblasts and monocytes/macrophages co-localize in the intestine. In primary human fibroblast-monocyte co-cultures, intestinal PDGFRA
CD142
fibroblasts foster monocyte transition to CCR2
CD206
macrophages through granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Monocyte-derived CCR2
CD206
cells from co-cultures have a phenotype similar to intestinal CCR2
CD206
macrophages from newly diagnosed pediatric IBD patients, with high levels of PD-L1 and low levels of GM-CSF receptor. The study describes subset-specific changes in stromal responses to inflammation and suggests that the intestinal stroma guides intestinal macrophage differentiation.
Since 2019, the direct imaging B-star Exoplanet Abundance Study (BEAST) at SPHERE@VLT has been scanning the surroundings of young B-type stars in order to ascertain the ultimate frontiers of giant ...planet formation. Recently, the \(17^{+3}_{-4}\) Myr HIP 81208 was found to host a close-in (~50 au) brown dwarf and a wider (~230 au) late M star around the central 2.6Msun primary. Alongside the continuation of the survey, we are undertaking a complete reanalysis of archival data aimed at improving detection performances so as to uncover additional low-mass companions. We present here a new reduction of the observations of HIP 81208 using PACO ASDI, a recent and powerful algorithm dedicated to processing high-contrast imaging datasets, as well as more classical algorithms and a dedicated PSF-subtraction approach. The combination of different techniques allowed for a reliable extraction of astrometric and photometric parameters. A previously undetected source was recovered at a short separation from the C component of the system. Proper motion analysis provided robust evidence for the gravitational bond of the object to HIP 81208 C. Orbiting C at a distance of ~20 au, this 15Mjup brown dwarf becomes the fourth object of the hierarchical HIP 81208 system. Among the several BEAST stars which are being found to host substellar companions, HIP 81208 stands out as a particularly striking system. As the first stellar binary system with substellar companions around each component ever found by direct imaging, it yields exquisite opportunities for thorough formation and dynamical follow-up studies.
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