The last two years, despite the very serious COronaVIrus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, have been quite productive in the field of molecular endocrinology and metabolism and our journal section ...has contributed extensively on that ....
Complications of Diabetes 2017 Papatheodorou, Konstantinos; Banach, Maciej; Bekiari, Eleni ...
Journal of Diabetes Research,
01/2018, Letnik:
2018
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
According to the International Diabetes Federation, in 2015, approximately 415 million people were suffering from diabetes worldwide, and this number is expected to exceed 640 million by the year ...2040. ...there are other complications of diabetes that cannot be included in the two aforementioned categories such as dental disease, reduced resistance to infections, and birth complications among women with gestational diabetes 2. The authors used anthropometric indexes (body mass index, waist circumference, and truncal skinfolds), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and MRI scan to determine the status of obesity. In one of the papers of this issue entitled “Tapentadol Prolonged Released (PR) Reduces the Severe Chronic Ischaemic Pain and Improves the Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes,” A. Tedeschi et al. evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of tapentadol PR, a drug that acts both as an μ-opioid receptor agonist and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe chronic ischemic pain.
To compare the efficacy and safety of liraglutide versus lixisenatide as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes not achieving adequate glycemic control on metformin alone.
In this ...26-week, randomized, parallel-group, open-label trial, 404 patients were randomized 1:1 to liraglutide 1.8 mg or lixisenatide 20 µg as add-on to metformin. Liraglutide was administered once daily at any time of the day. Lixisenatide was administered once daily within 1 h prior to the morning or evening meal.
At week 26, liraglutide reduced HbA1c (primary end point) more than lixisenatide (estimated treatment difference -0.62% 95% CI -0.8; -0.4; P < 0.0001), with more patients reaching HbA1c <7% (53 mmol/mol) and ≤6.5% (48 mmol/mol) versus lixisenatide (74.2% and 54.6% for liraglutide vs. 45.5% and 26.2% for lixisenatide; P < 0.0001 for both). Liraglutide reduced fasting plasma glucose more than lixisenatide (estimated treatment difference -1.15 mmol/L 95% CI -1.5; -0.8; P < 0.0001). Liraglutide provided greater reduction in mean 9-point self-measured plasma glucose (P < 0.0001). However, postprandial glucose increments were smaller with lixisenatide for the meal directly after injection compared with liraglutide (P < 0.05), with no differences between treatments across all meals. Both drugs promoted similar body weight decrease (-4.3 kg for liraglutide, -3.7 kg for lixisenatide; P = 0.23). The most common adverse events in both groups were gastrointestinal disorders. Greater increases in pulse, lipase, and amylase were observed with liraglutide. Hypoglycemic episodes were rare and similar between the two treatments.
At the dose levels studied, liraglutide was more effective than lixisenatide as add-on to metformin in improving glycemic control. Body weight reductions were similar. Both treatments were well tolerated, with low risk of hypoglycemia and similar gastrointestinal adverse event profiles.
Objective To quantify the magnitude and pattern of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and nonhigh-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) ...versus control women. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of lipid levels in published cross-sectional studies worldwide where PCOS women and controls were examined and sampled. Main Outcome Measure(s) Differences in plasma lipids (including triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and nonHDL-cholesterol) in PCOS versus control subjects were calculated. Comparisons were made with and without body mass index (BMI) matching. Result(s) Triglyceride levels were 26 mg/dL (95% confidence interval CI 17–35) higher and HDL-cholesterol concentrations 6 mg/dL (95% CI 4–9) lower in women with PCOS. Also, LDL-cholesterol and nonHDL-cholesterol concentrations were higher in PCOS: by 12 mg/dL (95% CI 10–16) and 19 mg/dL (95% CI 16–22), respectively. With BMI matching, LDL-cholesterol and nonHDL-cholesterol were still higher in PCOS: by 9 mg/dL (95% CI 6–12) and 16 mg/dL (95% CI 14–19), respectively. LDL-cholesterol and nonHDL-cholesterol differences were greater with National Institutes of Health criteria 15 mg/dL (95% CI 13–17) and 21 mg/dL (95% CI 16–25), respectively versus Rotterdam criteria 8 mg/dL (95% CI 5–12) and 17 (95% CI 13–22), respectively. Conclusion(s) Dyslipidemia is common in PCOS. Beyond known alterations in triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol, women with PCOS have higher LDL-cholesterol and nonHDL-cholesterol, regardless of BMI. We recommend that all women with PCOS be screened for dyslipidemia, including LDL-cholesterol and nonHDL-cholesterol determinations, for effective cardiovascular risk prevention.
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including central obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and atherogenic dyslipidemia ...
Skeletal muscle is essential to maintain vital functions such as movement, breathing, and thermogenesis, and it is now recognized as an endocrine organ. Muscles release factors named myokines, which ...can regulate several physiological processes. Moreover, skeletal muscle is particularly important in maintaining body homeostasis, since it is responsible for more than 75% of all insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Alterations of skeletal muscle differentiation and function, with subsequent dysfunctional expression and secretion of myokines, play a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic diseases, finally leading to cardiometabolic complications. Hence, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle function related to energy metabolism is critical for novel strategies to treat and prevent insulin resistance and its cardiometabolic complications. This review will be focused on both cellular and animal models currently available for exploring skeletal muscle metabolism and endocrine function.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic condition with an elevated impact on cardiovascular (CV) risk. The innovative therapeutic approaches for T2DM - incretin-based therapies (IBTs), ...including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, have become popular and more widely used in recent years. The available scientific data from clinical studies and clinical practice highlights their beyond glucose-lowering effects, which is achieved without any increase in hypoglycaemia. The former effects include reduction in body weight, lipids, blood pressure, inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and subclinical atherosclerosis, thus reducing and potentially preventing CV events. In fact, the introduction of IBTs is one of the key moments in the history of diabetes research and treatment. Such therapeutic strategies allow customization of antidiabetic treatment to each patient's need and therefore obtain better metabolic control with reduced CV risk. The aim of the present paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of GLP-1RA on various cardiometabolic markers and overall CV risk, with particular attention on recent CV outcome studies and potential mechanisms. In particular, the effects of liraglutide on formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaque and mechanisms explaining its cardioprotective effects are highlighted.
•GLP-1 receptor agonists favourably modulate cardio-metabolic risk factors.•Liraglutide and semaglutide also reduced cardiovascular events.•Liraglutide seems to reduce the formation and the progression of atherosclerosis.
Preclinical studies provided some important insights into the action of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in taste perception. This review examines the literature to uncover some molecular mechanisms ...and connections between GLP-1 and the gustatory coding. Local GLP-1 production in the taste bud cells, the expression of GLP-1 receptor on the adjacent nerves, a functional continuum in the perception of sweet chemicals from the gut to the tongue and an identification of GLP-1 induced signaling pathways in peripheral and central gustatory coding all strongly suggest that GLP-1 is involved in the taste perception, especially sweet. However, the impact of GLP-1 based therapies on gustatory coding in humans remains largely unaddressed. Based on the molecular background we encourage further exploration of the tongue as a new treatment target for GLP-1 receptor agonists in clinical studies. Given that pharmacological manipulation of gustatory coding may represent a new potential strategy against obesity and diabetes, the topic is of utmost clinical relevance.
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