How do we construct national identities in discourse? Which topics, which discursive strategies and which linguistic devices are employed to construct national sameness and uniqueness on the one ...hand, and differences to other national collectives on the o
Intraspecific genetic, morphological and life history structuring is evident in many taxa. Where such intraspecific structuring exists, study of the nature of the patterns displayed can reveal much ...about the evolutionary processes that operate during the early stages of divergence. Intraspecific structuring is particularly prevalent amongst fishes that occupy recently glaciated freshwater systems. One such species, the brown trout, Salmo trutta, was the subject of the work presented in this thesis. Genetic and morphological intraspecific structuring of brown trout was examined across a single but large dendritic catchment, the River Foyle, Ireland. Structuring was examined at three spatial scales (large-scale, compared between major sub-catchments; medium-scale, compared between tributaries within sub-catchments; small-scale, compared between streams within tributaries). The two general aims of the study were to look for any structuring in either phenotype or genotype in brown trout across the catchment and, if this was found, to look for landscape or environmental gradients that might be driving such structuring. Using a suite of 21 microsatellite markers that were chose for their ability to resolve population differences in this species elsewhere, this study identified clear and distinct genetic structuring. Brown trout collected from 28 sampling sites, resolved into 21 genetically distinct and discrete populations using a hierarchical approach implemented in STRUCTURE. The structuring was evidence across all three spatial scales. There was strong evidence of isolation by distance and isolation by environment playing a role in shaping the magnitude of the genetic differences between populations. Landscape variables which are shaped by anthropogenic impacts (urbanised area (measured as the number of houses in the catchment), proximity to farmland (measured as the distance to the nearest farm) and concentration of phosphorus in the water) showed the greatest effects in shaping the genetic population structuring (chapter 2). In a parallel study, the morphological structuring of brown trout from across the Foyle catchment was investigated at three spatial scales. Morphology was measured as the shape of brown trout determined by Geometric Morphometric Analysis of fixed position landmarks identified on photographs of trout taken from 22 sampling sites across the catchment. Very clear, statistically significant differences in morphology (fish shape) were evident for all the 21 sampling sites (one sampling site was removed from the analysis due to small sample size) with Canonical Variate Analysis resolving 21 discrete phenotypic groups. Morphological structuring was evident across all spatial scales (large, medium and small). Analysis showed that genetic distance and geographic distance between morphological groups was significantly correlated with morphology of populations, with morphological groups that were most divergent from each other also being most genetically distinct and geographically more distant. The effect of landscape and environmental variables driving morphology of populations was tested. In-stream substrate composition, water pH, stream order, site elevation, river gradient and the number of houses per km2 (representative of urban area) were all found to have a significant effect on morphology of populations. However, once the effect on morphology on these environmental variables were accounted for the residual effect of genetic distance was not significant (chapter 3). To attempt to discriminate between three alternative population genetic hypotheses for the origin of two alternative life history strategies in brown trout; freshwater residency and anadromy, the genetic structuring of brown trout was examined between life history strategy (anadromy or resident), between three sites and across two years (2013/2014) for brown trout collected from the Foyle catchment. There was no evidence of population structuring being attributed to life history strategy (that is no genetic differences between anadromous or resident trout). There was however strong and clear evidence of five genetic populations based on geographical site. Two sympatric populations were identified at each of two locations. However, both populations in each river were composed of both freshwater resident and anadromous brown trout, although the frequency of each life history strategy significantly differed between these rivers. The results of this study support the concept that partial migration in brown trout is most likely driven by a quantitative threshold trait, where the threshold trait value varies both between populations and between individuals within populations (chapter 4). It is critical, for effective management of the relatively high economic value anadromous component of brown trout populations in a catchment, to be able to identify which tributaries are contributing most to their production. A Genetic Stock Identification (GSI) analytical framework was used to determine the tributary of origin for anadromous brown trout captured from a mixed stock within the River Faughan sub-catchment, River Foyle and to look for any evidence of straying. The results showed that three genetic populations from specific parts of the sub-catchment contributed disproportionately to the production of anadromous brown trout. There was also evidence of straying of anadromous trout, particularly to one tributary elsewhere in the catchment (chapter 5). Taken together this body of work has demonstrated strong genetic and morphological structuring amongst brown trout in this large dendritic catchment. Genetic structuring seems to be at its most extreme when driven by factors which could be regarded as anthropogenic. This raises questions about human effects on the process of genetic divergence. Morphological structuring was, if anything even stronger than genetic structuring. Although there was evidence of genetic divergence between populations of differing morphologies, this neutral genetic differentiation was not a significant driver of morphological variation once landscape and environmental variables, such as substrate composition, driving morphological differences were taken into account. This suggests that the environmental drivers of structuring are greater in magnitude than neutral genetic divergence. Examining genetic structuring between two common morphologies of brown trout (anadromous and freshwater resident) in more detail, revealed no genetic differentiation between life history strategies but there was evidence of differences in frequency of life history between populations. Using the genetic structuring of brown trout as a genetic baseline it was possible to determine which tributaries within the River Faughan sub-catchment produce anadromous brown trout. If some discrete populations in a catchment are contributing disproportionately to the anadromous trout population (as they are in the Foyle) there is a strong risk of over exploitation and a need for enhanced attention in the nursery areas for those populations. These results have significant implications for the management of all trout in the Foyle catchment and elsewhere.
Until relatively recently the pedestrian has been largely;
ignored in the planning process. It was therefore decided;
to focus in this study on the pedestrian. The setting was;
confined to low and ...medium density residential areas for;
three reasons: (1) most pedestrian planning has been done;
in the central business district; (2) much of it in the past;
has been ad hoc but emerging analytical techniques useful;
for high density areas were considered beyond the scope of;
this study to employ; and (3) many of the solutions appropriate;
for high density areas are not applicable in areas of lower;
density.;
The objective was to formulate preferable alternatives;
and improvements to the typical pedestrian system in low and;
medium density residential areas from an analysis of scientific;
and design literature. As this suggests, the study was;
concerned with an aspect of the design portion of the planning;
process. It was proposed to formulate a number of patterns;
in order to arrive at the objective.;
Patterns are a recently evolved design method. Each;
pattern has four components: (1) a context or specific setting,;
(2) a specific problem which reoccurs in the described context,;
(3) a prescription describing a physical or functional relationship;
or design image which will prevent the problem from;
occurring, and (4) discussion which describes the problem;
more fully and presents the data--empirical, if available--;
upon which the prescription is based. Hence patterns are;
reuseable design ideas or images; from them actual designs;
are generated for use in any situation with the same context.;
The use of patterns had important implications for this;
study, their formulation constituted the basic methodology,;
and the patterns formulated were the product or results.;
The major groups of pedestrians--pre-school and school;
children, housewives and retired persons--were isolated as;
a result of two surveys, and major pedestrian planning;
objectives--convenience, activities and comfort--were defined;
in order to have a concise basis from which to formulate;
the patterns.;
Each of the patterns formulated was of a broad, generic;
nature applicable to all user groups, although concerned with;
only one or two objectives. As a test of their validity the;
patterns were applied to two residential areas in metropolitan;
Vancouver. While some of the patterns were able to be applied;
to the built environment, it was considered that the inability;
to apply all of them did not render them invalid for reasons;
inherent in the application process.;
It was concluded that the empirical data used in the;
formulation of the patterns together with the application;
of the patterns to the existing environment gave strong;
indications that the objectives had been met.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
Intraspecific genetic, morphological and life history structuring is evident in many taxa. Where such intraspecific structuring exists, study of the nature of the patterns displayed can reveal much ...about the evolutionary processes that operate during the early stages of divergence. Intraspecific structuring is particularly prevalent amongst fishes that occupy recently glaciated freshwater systems. One such species, the brown trout, Salmo trutta, was the subject of the work presented in this thesis. Genetic and morphological intraspecific structuring of brown trout was examined across a single but large dendritic catchment, the River Foyle, Ireland. Structuring was examined at three spatial scales (large-scale, compared between major sub-catchments; medium-scale, compared between tributaries within sub-catchments; small-scale, compared between streams within tributaries). The two general aims of the study were to look for any structuring in either phenotype or genotype in brown trout across the catchment and, if this was found, to look for landscape or environmental gradients that might be driving such structuring. Using a suite of 21 microsatellite markers that were chose for their ability to resolve population differences in this species elsewhere, this study identified clear and distinct genetic structuring. Brown trout collected from 28 sampling sites, resolved into 21 genetically distinct and discrete populations using a hierarchical approach implemented in STRUCTURE. The structuring was evidence across all three spatial scales. There was strong evidence of isolation by distance and isolation by environment playing a role in shaping the magnitude of the genetic differences between populations. Landscape variables which are shaped by anthropogenic impacts (urbanised area (measured as the number of houses in the catchment), proximity to farmland (measured as the distance to the nearest farm) and concentration of phosphorus in the water) showed the greatest effects in shaping the genetic population structuring (chapter 2). In a parallel study, the morphological structuring of brown trout from across the Foyle catchment was investigated at three spatial scales. Morphology was measured as the shape of brown trout determined by Geometric Morphometric Analysis of fixed position landmarks identified on photographs of trout taken from 22 sampling sites across the catchment. Very clear, statistically significant differences in morphology (fish shape) were evident for all the 21 sampling sites (one sampling site was removed from the analysis due to small sample size) with Canonical Variate Analysis resolving 21 discrete phenotypic groups. Morphological structuring was evident across all spatial scales (large, medium and small). Analysis showed that genetic distance and geographic distance between morphological groups was significantly correlated with morphology of populations, with morphological groups that were most divergent from each other also being most genetically distinct and geographically more distant. The effect of landscape and environmental variables driving morphology of populations was tested. In-stream substrate composition, water pH, stream order, site elevation, river gradient and the number of houses per km2 (representative of urban area) were all found to have a significant effect on morphology of populations. However, once the effect on morphology on these environmental variables were accounted for the residual effect of genetic distance was not significant (chapter 3). To attempt to discriminate between three alternative population genetic hypotheses for the origin of two alternative life history strategies in brown trout; freshwater residency and anadromy, the genetic structuring of brown trout was examined between life history strategy (anadromy or resident), between three sites and across two years (2013/2014) for brown trout collected from the Foyle catchment. There was no evidence of population structuring being attributed to life history strategy (that is no genetic differences between anadromous or resident trout). There was however strong and clear evidence of five genetic populations based on geographical site. Two sympatric populations were identified at each of two locations. However, both populations in each river were composed of both freshwater resident and anadromous brown trout, although the frequency of each life history strategy significantly differed between these rivers. The results of this study support the concept that partial migration in brown trout is most likely driven by a quantitative threshold trait, where the threshold trait value varies both between populations and between individuals within populations (chapter 4). It is critical, for effective management of the relatively high economic value anadromous component of brown trout populations in a catchment, to be able to identify which tributaries are contributing most to their production. A Genetic Stock Identification (GSI) analytical framework was used to determine the tributary of origin for anadromous brown trout captured from a mixed stock within the River Faughan sub-catchment, River Foyle and to look for any evidence of straying. The results showed that three genetic populations from specific parts of the sub-catchment contributed disproportionately to the production of anadromous brown trout. There was also evidence of straying of anadromous trout, particularly to one tributary elsewhere in the catchment (chapter 5). Taken together this body of work has demonstrated strong genetic and morphological structuring amongst brown trout in this large dendritic catchment. Genetic structuring seems to be at its most extreme when driven by factors which could be regarded as anthropogenic. This raises questions about human effects on the process of genetic divergence. Morphological structuring was, if anything even stronger than genetic structuring. Although there was evidence of genetic divergence between populations of differing morphologies, this neutral genetic differentiation was not a significant driver of morphological variation once landscape and environmental variables, such as substrate composition, driving morphological differences were taken into account. This suggests that the environmental drivers of structuring are greater in magnitude than neutral genetic divergence. Examining genetic structuring between two common morphologies of brown trout (anadromous and freshwater resident) in more detail, revealed no genetic differentiation between life history strategies but there was evidence of differences in frequency of life history between populations. Using the genetic structuring of brown trout as a genetic baseline it was possible to determine which tributaries within the River Faughan sub-catchment produce anadromous brown trout. If some discrete populations in a catchment are contributing disproportionately to the anadromous trout population (as they are in the Foyle) there is a strong risk of over exploitation and a need for enhanced attention in the nursery areas for those populations. These results have significant implications for the management of all trout in the Foyle catchment and elsewhere.
Introduction Wodak, Ruth; de Cillia, Rudolf; Reisigl, Martin ...
The Discursive Construction of National Identity,
01/2009
Book Chapter
In The Xenophobe's Guide to the Austrians (James 1994) author Louis James writes: ‘When a Stone Age Austrian popped out of a glacier in Tyrol in 1991, he was claimed by the Italians as one of them. A ...learned commission established that maybe he was lying just over the border by a metre or two, and a television reporter inquired satirically why they didn't just look at his passport’ (1994, p. 11).The moral of this story is that even after all those years in cold storage, the iceman (Ötzi) suffers from a certain confusion as to his identity, a trait he ostensibly shares with all other Austrians. Of course, this nationalist tug-of-war between Austria and Italy, to which James ironically refers, really tells us nothing about Ötzi's identity, for national(ist) ideas and sentiment did not emerge before the age of modernity, centuries after Ötzi's demise. Still, the attempts by both Austria and Italy to adorn their respective ‘national pasts’ with a historically highly significant archaeological find reveal a typical strategy, metaphorically described by Rudolf Burger (1996, p. 40) as the ‘nationalist dilation of time’. In this view, similar problems of identity seem to beset the English too. Past contingencies (in this case, a casual discovery) are appropriated by the contemporary nation by mythically expanding the nation into a transhistorical, and thus eternal, entity.In a companion volume, The Xenophobe's Guide to the English, Antony Miall writes: As far as ‘the English are concerned, all of life's greatest problems can be summed up in one word – foreigners’. And he continues: ‘English views on foreigners are very simple. The further one travels from the capital in any direction, the more outlandish the people become’ (1993, pp. 5–6). It is obvious that the ego-, ethno- and nation-centric view described by Miall with respect to English people is not so much an English peculiarity as a general cross-cultural feature of ethnicist and nationalist patterns of perception of others.
RHETORIC AND THE CONSTITUTIVE CONDITIONS OF POLITICAL ORATORYThe Commemorative Address as a Special Genre of OratoryClassical rhetoric distinguishes three classes of genre: the judicial (genus ...iudiciale), the deliberative (genus deliberativum) and the epideictic (genus demonstrativum). According to the ideal-typical classification scheme, judicial oratory is focused temporally on the past, and thematically on justice or injustice, and its function is to accuse or defend. Deliberative rhetoric is associated with the future, thematically with expediency or harmfulness, and functionally with exhorting or dissuading. Finally, epideictic oratory is linked to the present, thematically to honor and disgrace and functionally to praise or blame (cf. Plett 1989, pp. 15f.).With the exception of Friedhelm Frischenschlager's lecture ‘Austria in a Europe of Solidarity’, delivered before the SPÖ's Zukunftswerkstätte (‘Workshop for the Future’), 1 all the political addresses we analyse in this study were concerned with commemoration and may therefore be attributed to epideictic oratory in a broader sense. However, none of the three classes mentioned above occurs in pure form: the diversity of topics and temporal references usually results in the simultaneous presence of elements from all three oratorical categories within one and the same speech (on the close relationship between epideictic oratory and political speech, see Ottmers 1996, pp. 18–30).Commemorative speeches are normally delivered on public days of remembrance, which are usually associated with the ‘magic of numbers’ (Huter 1994), and primarily serve to retrieve the past for the present.
METHODOLOGYAs one of the aims of our study was to include ‘subjective’ aspects of the discursive construction of Austrian identity we carried out a number of topic-orientated qualitative interviews, ...to determine informants' views, attitudes and levels of awareness. The interviews took place in a relatively relaxed and flexible setting, which enabled the interviewer to react to unanticipated turns in the conversation and provided ample opportunity for feedback and clarification of ambiguous points.Since the interviews were structured to resemble informal open-ended, private conversations there was little observable pressure to articulate statements conforming to group opinions or politically correct statements, as observable in focus group participants. Due to the dialogic nature of the interviews, moreover, respondents were able to produce sequences of thoughts and utterances without being interrupted or being pushed in a certain direction by other participants.Of course, we make no claim to present a representative sample. The material collected in these interviews can, however, throw light on how patterns of national identification and identity find expression in individuals; and can illustrate the subjective dimension of the contents and figures of argumentation, and the construction of Austrian identity conceived on a more ‘macro’ level. It can also help trace the diffusion of specific information units about Austrian identity from public (media) or semi-public discourse down to the opinions expressed by individuals.
The ‘Story’ Continues: 1995–2008 Wodak, Ruth; de Cillia, Rudolf; Reisigl, Martin ...
The Discursive Construction of National Identity,
01/2009
Book Chapter
In this chapter, we briefly discuss and summarise developments since 1995. We have selected three salient events and socio-political phenomena which characterise the period between 1995 and 2008 and ...which have had a strong impact on the construction of recent Austrian national identities.While we continue the discussion from the last chapter, it is important to emphasise specifically that ‘neutrality’, which was already considered to be obsolete, has made a surprising ‘comeback’ in the Austrian debates (see p. 202; see also Kovács and Wodak 2003). This development is tied to recent global crises and wars such as 9/11, the wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the successor states of former Yugoslavia.Secondly, in 1995 Austria joined the EU and has since held the EU presidency twice. Attitudes towards the EU shifted from very positive acclamation to disappointment and Euro-scepticism. Simultaneously, the rise of the Austrian rightwing populist party FPÖ has to be reflected on and analysed with respect to attitudes towards the EU and globalising phenomena. In the past years, the Austrian rightwing populist movement has served as a model for other right-wing populist parties across Europe. Indeed, the label ‘Haiderisation’ was coined to describe local and regional protest movements which endorse nationalism, chauvinism, revisionism, EU-scepticism and racist, xenophobic beliefs.Thirdly, we compare selected debates and rhetorical patterns (in political speeches and focus group discussions) surrounding the commemorative year 2005 with the analyses of the same genres in 1995 (see Chapters 4 and 5).
