Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the small intestine, causing chronic inflammation and sometimes villous atrophy. It is related to the ingestion of gluten products and ...affects genetically susceptible people. This book provides a comprehensive overview of celiac disease, presenting information on its diagnosis and management.
Celiac disease Rodrigo, Luis
World journal of gastroenterology : WJG,
11/2006, Letnik:
12, Številka:
41
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Celiac disease （CD） is a common autoimmune disorder, induced by the intake of gluten proteins present in wheat, barley and rye. Contrary to common belief, this disorder is a protean systemic disease, ...rather than merely a pure digestive alteration. CD is closely associated with genes that code HLA-Ⅱ antigens, mainly of DQ2 and DQ8 classes. Previously, it was considered to be a rare childhood disorder, but is actually considered a frequent condition, present at any age, which may have multiple complications. Tissue transglutaminase-2 （tTG）, appears to be an important component of this disease, both, in its pathogenesis and diagnosis. Active CD is characterized by intestinal and/or extra-intestinal symptoms, villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia, and strongly positive tTG auto-antibodies. The duodenal biopsy is considered to be the ＂gold standard＂ for diagnosis, but its practice has significant limitations in its interpretation, especially in adults. Occasionally, it results in a false-negative because of patchy mucosal changes and the presence of mucosal villous atrophy is often more severe in the proximal jejunum, usually not reached by endoscopic biopsies. CD is associated with increased rates of several diseases, such as iron deficiency anemia, osteoporosis, dermatitis herpetiformis, several neurologic and endocrine diseases, persistent chronic hypertransami-nasemia of unknown origin, various types of cancer and other autoimmune disorders. Treatment of CD dictates a strict, life-long gluten-free diet, which results in remission for most individuals, although its effect on some associated extraintestinal manifestations remains to be established.
The aim of this study was to analyze the psychological impact of COVID-19 in the university community during the first weeks of confinement. A cross-sectional study was conducted. The Depression ...Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) was employed to assess symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. The emotional impact of the situation was analyzed using the Impact of Event Scale. An online survey was fulfilled by 2530 members of the University of Valladolid, in Spain. Moderate to extremely severe scores of anxiety, depression, and stress were reported by 21.34%, 34.19% and 28.14% of the respondents, respectively. A total of 50.43% of respondents presented moderate to severe impact of the outbreak. Students from Arts & Humanities and Social Sciences & Law showed higher scores related to anxiety, depression, stress and impact of event with respect to students from Engineering & Architecture. University staff presented lower scores in all measures compared to students, who seem to have suffered an important psychological impact during the first weeks of the COVID-19 lockdown. In order to provide timely crisis-oriented psychological services and to take preventive measures in future pandemic situations, mental health in university students should be carefully monitored.
•College students reflected a possible psychological impact of the COVID-19 lockdown.•Symptoms of common mental health disorders were reported by 20-35% of respondents.•Around the half of respondents presented moderate to severe impact of the outbreak.•Students from the Engineering and Architecture area showed lower symptomatic scores.•Mental health from students should be monitored to mitigate the impact of the crisis.
Regulation of early cerebellar development Lowenstein, Elijah David; Cui, Ke; Hernandez‐Miranda, Luis Rodrigo
The FEBS journal,
June 2023, 2023-06-00, 20230601, Letnik:
290, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The study of cerebellar development has been at the forefront of neuroscience since the pioneering work of Wilhelm His Sr., Santiago Ramón y Cajal and many others since the 19th century. They laid ...the foundation to identify the circuitry of the cerebellum, already revealing its stereotypic three‐layered cortex and discerning several of its neuronal components. Their work was fundamental in the acceptance of the neuron doctrine, which acknowledges the key role of individual neurons in forming the basic units of the nervous system. Increasing evidence shows that the cerebellum performs a variety of homeostatic and higher order neuronal functions beyond the mere control of motor behaviour. Over the last three decades, many studies have revealed the molecular machinery that regulates distinct aspects of cerebellar development, from the establishment of a cerebellar anlage in the posterior brain to the identification of cerebellar neuron diversity at the single cell level. In this review, we focus on summarizing our current knowledge on early cerebellar development with a particular emphasis on the molecular determinants that secure neuron specification and contribute to the diversity of cerebellar neurons.
Cerebellar neurons originate in temporal order from two progenitor niches, the rhombic lip and the ventricular zone. Here, we discuss the transcriptional codes that regulate early cerebellar development in each progenitor niche. Three neuron types emerge from the rhombic lip: (a) deep cerebellar neurons (DCN), (b) external granule layer (EGL) cells, and (c) unipolar brush cells, whereas two originate from the ventricular zone: (a) Purkinje cells and (b) inhibitory interneurons.
Celiac disease (CD) is a clinical entity of autoimmune nature, related to the presence of a permanent gluten intolerance that affects genetically predisposed individuals, producing a chronic ...inflammation process that usually occurs in the small bowel ....
Sin good consumption entails health damage, which is in general not fully perceived by individuals, what results in its overconsumption. One way to tackle this problem is to tax these unhealthy ...goods. However, not all the individual choices that affect health status can be easily observed and effectively taxed by the government. This paper considers a setting where individuals can consume two types of sin goods that differ in their observability (taxability) by the government. As a benchmark, the first‐best taxes for the observable and non‐observable sin good are derived, considering homogeneous individuals. In the second‐best setting, where observability on sin good consumption is limited, the rule for the taxable sin good is shown to depend on the degree of complementarity or substitutability with the unobservable sin good. Finally, redistributional considerations are incorporated by extending the analysis to a setting where individuals differ in their wealth and in their degree of misperception of the health damage caused by sin good consumption. Policy implications are illustrated considering physical inactivity and illicit drugs as examples of non‐taxable sin goods, while alcohol, tobacco, fat and sugar account for the taxable sin goods
Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria are the most numerous commensal aerobic germs located in the human colon. Diarrhea caused by E. coli pathogenic strains is a major cause of death in ...developing countries, especially the sub-Saharan and South Asian areas. Some strains cause diarrhea, and all of them may produce an infectious disease. This book includes ten chapters covering the main aspects of infections related to E. coli, their pathogenic mechanisms, treatments, and resistance to diverse antibiotics.
We studied the short-term psychological effects of the COVID-19 crisis and the quarantine on 3550 adults from the Spanish population in a cross-sectional survey. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and ...stress were analyzed using the 21-item version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder were analyzed using the Impact of Event Scale. Symptomatic scores of anxiety, depression, and stress were observed in 20% to 30% of respondents. Symptomatic scores indicating psychological stress were found in 47.5% of respondents. Similar to the findings of other multiple studies, confinement has been found to have significant emotional impact in the Spanish population.
No specific migraine biomarkers have been found in single‐modality MRI studies. We aimed at establishing biomarkers for episodic and chronic migraine using diverse MRI modalities. We employed ...canonical correlation analysis and joint independent component analysis to find structural connectivity abnormalities that are related to gray matter morphometric alterations. The number of streamlines (trajectories of estimated fiber‐tracts from tractography) was employed as structural connectivity measure, while cortical curvature, thickness, surface area, and volume were used as gray matter parameters. These parameters were compared between 56 chronic and 54 episodic migraine patients, and 50 healthy controls. Cortical curvature alterations were associated with abnormalities in the streamline count in episodic migraine patients compared to controls, with higher curvature values in the frontal and temporal poles being related to a higher streamline count. Lower streamline count was found in migraine compared to controls in connections between cortical regions within each of the four lobes. Higher streamline count was found in migraine in connections between subcortical regions, the insula, and the cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex, and between the insula and the temporal region. The connections between the caudate nucleus and the orbitofrontal cortex presented worse connectivity in chronic compared to episodic migraine. The hippocampus was involved in connections with higher and lower number of streamlines in chronic migraine. Strengthening of structural networks involving pain processing and subcortical regions coexists in migraine with weakening of cortical networks within each lobe. The multimodal analysis offers a new insight about the association between brain structure and connectivity.
Planchuelo‐Gómez et al. associate structural connectivity with gray matter morphometry. In chronic and episodic migraine, strengthened connectivity with pain processing regions, and higher cortical curvature related to weakened connectivity within each lobe were found. These results give a new insight about migraine neuroimaging biomarkers.
Purpose
To accurately estimate the partial volume fraction of free water in the white matter from diffusion MRI acquisitions not demanding strong sensitizing gradients and/or large collections of ...different b‐values. Data sets considered comprise ∼32‐64 gradients near b=1000s/mm2 plus ∼6 gradients near b=500s/mm2.
Theory and Methods
The spherical means of each diffusion MRI set with the same b‐value are computed. These means are related to the inherent diffusion parameters within the voxel (free‐ and cellular‐water fractions; cellular‐water diffusivity), which are solved by constrained nonlinear least squares regression.
Results
The proposed method outperforms those based on mixtures of two Gaussians for the kind of data sets considered. W.r.t. the accuracy, the former does not introduce significant biases in the scenarios of interest, while the latter can reach a bias of 5%–7% if fiber crossings are present. W.r.t. the precision, a variance near 10%, compared to 15%, can be attained for usual configurations.
Conclusion
It is possible to compute reliable estimates of the free‐water fraction inside the white matter by complementing typical DTI acquisitions with few gradients at a lowb‐value. It can be done voxel‐by‐voxel, without imposing spatial regularity constraints.
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