If we start from certain functional relations as definition of a quantum integrable theory, then we can derive from them a linear integral equation. It can be extended, by introducing dynamical ...variables, to become an equation with the form of Marchenko's. Then, we derive from the latter a classical (differential) Lax pair. We exemplify our method by focusing on the massive version of the ODE/IM (Ordinary Differential Equations/Integrable Models) correspondence from Quantum sine-Gordon (sG) with many moduli/masses to the classical sinh-Gordon (shG) equation, so describing, in a particular case, some super-symmetric gauge theories and the AdS3 strong coupling scattering amplitudes/Wilson loops. Yet, we present it in a way which reveals its generality of application. In fact, we give some hints on how it works for spin chains.
The effect of acid treatment on natural agalmatolite (AN) and natural kaolinite (KN) was investigated, together with the influence of those modifications on the removal of Coomassie Blue (CB) dye. ...The process was optimized using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) developed by the application of the quadratic model associated with the Central Composite Design. Adsorption was promoted by initial CB concentration of 25 mg L−1, pH 2 and adsorbent mass of 0.1 g. The adsorption kinetics study carried out in optimized conditions established that the equilibrium times were 1 h for AN and AA (treated agalmatolite), 4 h for KN and 2 h for KA (treated kaolinite). The kinetics data for AN, KN and KA were best fitted to the pseudo second order model, whilst for AA, the result pointed to the pseudo first order model. In the isotherm of adsorption the maximum quantities were obtained with reference to 11.29 mg g−1, 9.84 mg g−1, 22.89 mg g−1 and 30.08 mg g−1 for the samples AN, AA, KN and KA respectively. The data fitting showed that the Sips model was the most satisfactory for all the adsorbents. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that the process was spontaneous in all the adsorbents, endothermic for the KN and KA samples, exothermic for AN and AA, involved the disorganization of the adsorption system for the KN and KA and its organization for the AN and AA samples. The results showed that the KN and KA samples were more appropriate for use as adsorbents.
•AA and KA samples can be used in CB adsorption in a broader range of the variables.•Maximum CB removal efficiency obtained by optimization procedure was 97%.•The modification of the tetrahedral layer influences the interaction of the system.•The acid treatment produced distinct effects on the two clay minerals.•Kaolinite samples were economically viable adsorbents for dyes.
Biological control agents may play an important role in regulating
Drosophila suzukii
Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), particularly after the winter population bottleneck. Here we test the ability ...of the cosmopolitan pupal parasitoid,
Trichopria drosophilae
(Perkins) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), to reduce early season
D. suzukii
populations. We performed augmentative releases of the parasitoid during late March–April and carried out extensive monitoring activity on both parasitoid and fly populations. Results clearly showed a mitigation of the
D. suzukii
population in the treated areas, associated with a higher
T. drosophilae
parasitism. A 34% reduction in fruit infestation was observed in the unmanaged vegetation surrounding orchards. Accordingly, pest eclosion was significantly lower in the treated area compared to the untreated one. Our results suggest that augmentative release of
T. drosophilae
can improve pest control of
D. suzukii
in the unmanaged areas surrounding the crops, thus lowering the severity of pest outbreaks in the orchards.
The identification of the plastic behaviour of sheet metals at severe deformation is extremely important for many industrial application such as metal forming, crashworthiness, automotive, aerospace, ...piping, etc. In this paper, the virtual fields method (VFM) was employed to identify the constitutive parameters of anisotropic plasticity models. The method was applied using the finite deformation theory in order to account for large strains. First the theoretical principles to implement the method are described in details, especially how to derive the stress field from the strain field. Afterwards a numerical validation was performed using the Hill48 model. Several aspects were studied with the numerical model: the effect of the used virtual fields, the minimum number of specimens required to identify the parameters, the stress distribution obtained from the specimen and its influence in the identification performance. A brief analysis on the influence of noise is also conducted. Finally a series of experiments was conducted on notched specimens of stainless steel, cut along different anisotropic directions. The displacement and strain fields were obtained by digital image correlation. Afterwards, the VFM was used to identify the parameters of the Hill48 model and the Yld2000-2D model. In this case, the Hill48 model was not able to correctly describe the material behaviour, while a rather good agreement was found with the Yld2000-2D model. The potential and the limitation of the proposed method are finally discussed.
A
bstract
We provide the two fundamental sets of functional relations which describe the strong coupling limit in
AdS
3
of scattering amplitudes in
N
= 4 SYM dual to Wilson loops (possibly extended ...by a non-zero twist
l
): the basic
QQ
-system and the derived
TQ
-system. We use the
TQ
relations and the knowledge of the main properties of the
Q
-function (eigenvalue of some
Q
-operator) to write the Bethe Ansatz equations, viz. a set of (‘complex’) non-linear-integral equations, whose solutions give exact values to the strong coupling amplitudes/Wilson loops. Moreover, they have some advantages with respect to the (‘real’) non-linear-integral equations of Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz and still reproduce, both analytically and numerically, the findings coming from the latter. In any case, these new functional and integral equations give a larger perspective on the topic also applicable to the realm of
N
= 2 SYM BPS spectra.
Moving from Beisert–Staudacher equations, the complete set of Asymptotic Bethe Ansatz equations and S-matrix for the excitations over the GKP vacuum is found. The resulting model on this new vacuum ...is an integrable spin chain of length R=2lns (s=spin) with particle rapidities as inhomogeneities, two (purely transmitting) defects and SU(4) (residual R-)symmetry. The non-trivial dynamics of N=4 SYM appears in elaborated dressing factors of the 2D two-particle scattering factors, all depending on the ‘fundamental’ one between two scalar excitations. From scattering factors we determine bound states. In particular, we study the strong coupling limit, in the non-perturbative, perturbative and giant hole regimes. Eventually, from these scattering data we construct the 4D pentagon transition amplitudes (perturbative regime). In this manner, we detail the multi-particle contributions (flux tube) to the MHV gluon scattering amplitudes/Wilson loops (OPE or BSV series) and re-sum them to the Thermodynamic Bubble Ansatz.
Medicine, food, and cosmetics represent the new promising applications for silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs). AgNPs are most commonly used in food and cosmetics; conversely, the main ...applications of gold NPs (AuNPs) are in the medical field. Thus, in view of the risk of accidentally or non-intended uptake of NPs deriving from the use of cosmetics, drugs, and food, the study of NPs⁻cell interactions represents a key question that puzzles researchers in both the nanomedicine and nanotoxicology fields. The response of cells starts when the NPs bind to the cell surface or when they are internalized. The amount and modality of their uptake depend on many and diverse parameters, such as NPs and cell types. Here, we discuss the state of the art of the knowledge and the uncertainties regarding the biological consequences of AgNPs and AuNPs, focusing on NPs cell uptake, location, and translocation. Finally, a section will be dedicated to the most currently available methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of intracellular transport of metal NPs.
OBJECTIVEThe goal of surgery for gliomas is maximal tumor removal while preserving the patient's full functional integrity. At present during frontal tumor removal, this goal is mostly achieved, ...although the risk of impairing the executive functions (EFs), and thus the quality of life, remains significant. The authors investigated the accuracy of an intraoperative version of the Stroop task (iST), adapted for intraoperative mapping, to detect EF-related brain sites by evaluating the impact of the iST brain mapping on preserving functional integrity following a maximal tumor resection.METHODSForty-five patients with nondominant frontal gliomas underwent awake surgery; brain mapping was used to establish the functional boundaries for the resection. In 18 patients language, praxis, and motor functions, but not EFs (control group), were mapped intraoperatively at the cortical-subcortical level. In 27 patients, in addition to language, praxis, and motor functions, EFs were mapped with the iST at the cortical-subcortical level (Stroop group). In both groups the EF performance was evaluated preoperatively, at 7 days and 3 months after surgery.RESULTSThe iST was successfully administered in all patients. Consistent interferences, such as color-word inversion/latency, were obtained by stimulating precise white matter sites below the inferior and middle frontal gyri, anterior to the insula and over the putamen, and these were used to establish the posterior functional limit of the resection. Procedures implemented with iST dramatically reduced the EF deficits at 3 months. The EOR was similar in Stroop and control groups.CONCLUSIONSBrain mapping with the iST allows identification and preservation of the frontal lobe structures involved in inhibition of automatic responses, reducing the incidence of postoperative EF deficits and enhancing the further posterior and inferior margin of tumor resection.
The aim of this paper is to propose a Single Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) finite element (FE) model, based on the use of non-linear and torsional spring elements, to evaluate its mechanical ...properties. The choice of the spring elements to build the FE model, was based on the observation that other elements as beam, truss or shell are not very applicable because of the complex interaction of many atoms and the absence of rotational degrees of freedom. Moreover, it was also possible to model the bond interaction without introducing any non-physical variable, such as area and inertia of atoms linkage when using beam elements.
With the proposed model, the influence of tube diameter and chirality on the Young’s modulus of SWCNTs was investigated. In particular, armchair, zig-zag and chiral nanotubes, with different size, were tested under uniaxial load.
The results show that good agreement was achieved with existing experimental results. The presented results demonstrate that the proposed FE model may also provide a valuable numerical tool for the prediction of the strength behaviour of single walled carbon nanotubes.
The effects of chemical and thermal treatments on the structure of kaolinite were examined, as well as the influence of those changes upon the removal of etheramine, a cationic collector used in the ...processing of iron ore. The materials were characterized using XRD, XRF, specific surface area (SBET), FTIR, zeta potential and a test for determination of acid sites. The effects of the treatments on the structure of kaolinite were evaluated using chemometric tools developed from principal components analysis algorithms and hierarchical components analysis. The parameters evaluated in the kinetic study of adsorption were contact time, initial concentration of etheramine, quantity of adsorbent and pH. The adsorption of etheramine in the samples subjected to chemical treatments could be explained by a pseudo-second order model, whilst for the sample subjected to thermal treatment, better fit was with the pseudo-first order model. With regard to adsorption isotherms, it was shown that for the three adsorbents used, adsorption followed the Langmuir model. The maximum quantities adsorbed were 27 mg g−1, 29 mg g−1 and 59 mg g−1, respectively, for the samples subjected to acid, thermal and peroxide treatments. The treatment with peroxide was found to be the most suitable for removal of etheramine.
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•The treatments caused changes in the kaolinite which affected the adsorption process.•Acid treatment was effective in changing the chemical composition of the kaolinite.•Thermal treatment as the most effective in modifying the properties of kaolinite.•The treatment with peroxide was the most suitable for removal of etheramine.•The systems are cheap, efficient and fast for the removal of mining wastewater.
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