The 2020 plasma catalysis roadmap Bogaerts, Annemie; Tu, Xin; Whitehead, J Christopher ...
Journal of physics. D, Applied physics,
10/2020, Letnik:
53, Številka:
44
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Plasma catalysis is gaining increasing interest for various gas conversion applications, such as CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels, CH4 activation into hydrogen, higher hydrocarbons ...or oxygenates, and NH3 synthesis. Other applications are already more established, such as for air pollution control, e.g. volatile organic compound remediation, particulate matter and NOx removal. In addition, plasma is also very promising for catalyst synthesis and treatment. Plasma catalysis clearly has benefits over 'conventional' catalysis, as outlined in the Introduction. However, a better insight into the underlying physical and chemical processes is crucial. This can be obtained by experiments applying diagnostics, studying both the chemical processes at the catalyst surface and the physicochemical mechanisms of plasma-catalyst interactions, as well as by computer modeling. The key challenge is to design cost-effective, highly active and stable catalysts tailored to the plasma environment. Therefore, insight from thermal catalysis as well as electro- and photocatalysis is crucial. All these aspects are covered in this Roadmap paper, written by specialists in their field, presenting the state-of-the-art, the current and future challenges, as well as the advances in science and technology needed to meet these challenges.
Introduction
The role of the pelvic area in sagittal balance is evident for spinal surgeons, but the influence of the coxofemoral joint is underestimated and inadequately explained by conventional ...imagery. Comprehensive analysis of the pelvic and subpelvic sectors as part of the sagittal, frontal and cross-sectional balance of the trunk sheds new light on some spinal diseases and their relation to the pelvis.
Methods
This analysis, based on innovative radiologic methods as the EOS
®
technology but also on a new look at conventional imaging makes it possible to better analyze standing lateral images and seated images.
Results
Disturbances can come from atypical morphotypes or from unusual postures as in aging spine. The measurement of available extension and the concept of available flexion provide new information regarding individual’s adaptation to the imbalance induced by disorders of the spine or lower limbs.
Conclusion
A comprehensive assessment of each patient and in particular of the complex comprising the spine and the pelvis, is essential for understanding each individual’s adaptation to the imbalance induced by disorders of the spine or lower limbs.
To date, literature has depicted an increase in mortality among patients with hip fractures, directly related to acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and not due to underlying ...comorbidities. Usual orthogeriatric pathway in our Department was disrupted during the pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate early mortality within 30 days, in 2019 and 2020 in our Level 1 trauma-center. We compared two groups of patients aged >60 years, with osteoporotic upper hip fractures, in February/March/April 2020 and February/March/April 2019, in our level 1 trauma center. A total of 102 and 79 patients met the eligibility criteria in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Mortality was evaluated, merging our database with the French open database for death from the INSEE, which is prospectively updated each month. Causes of death were recorded. Charlson Comorbidity Index was evaluated for comorbidities, Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL), and Activity of Daily Living (ADL) scores were assessed for autonomy. There were no differences in age, sex, fracture type, Charlson Comorbidity Index, IADL, and ADL. 19 patients developed COVID-19 infection. The 30-day survival was 97% (95% CI, 94%-100%) in 2019 and 86% (95% CI, 79%-94%) in 2020 (HR = 5, 95%CI, 1.4-18.2, p = 0.013). In multivariable Cox'PH model, the period (2019/2020) was significantly associated to the 30-day mortality (HR = 6.4, 95%CI, 1.7-23, p = 0.005) and 6-month mortality (HR = 3.4, 95%CI, 1.2-9.2, p = 0.01). COVID infection did not modify significantly the 30-day and 6-month mortality. This series brought new important information, early mortality significantly increased because of underlying disease decompensation. Minimal comprehensive care should be maintained in all circumstances in order to avoid excess of mortality among elderly population with hip fractures.
Purpose
The purpose was to evaluate the clinical and radiological results of knotless repair with flat-braided suture in full small-sized supraspinatus tendon tears (< 1 cm).
Methods
A consecutive ...series of 54 patients with isolated small supraspinatus tendon tear (< 1 cm and Goutallier index < 2) was evaluated in the study. Patients underwent a knotless arthroscopic repair using flat-braided suture (2 mm wide). Minimal follow-up required was 5 years. Changes in Murley–Constant score, ASES score, strength, and pain relief were assessed. The Sugaya score was used to confirm the tendon repair on MRI. Data were analyzed in two subgroups: technique with additional U point for dog ear deformity (group 1) and technique without additional U point (group 2). The immobilization period was 3 weeks long. Passive mobilization was immediate.
Results
Fifty-four patients were included. Mean age was 57 ± 4 years. The average follow-up was 68 ± 10 months. Average preoperative score of Constant was 51.2 ± 8.5 and 83.1 ± 14.6 at the end of the follow-up (
p
< 0.001). Mean VAS went from 5.8 ± 1.8 to 1.9 ± 2.1 (
p
< 0.001). Average forward elevation of the shoulder went from 86.3° ± 9 preoperatively to 169.6° ± 15.9 at the end of the follow-up (
p
< 0.001). The strength score was significantly higher post-operatively (18.4 vs. 8.3,
p
< 0.001.). The ASES score was significantly improved 49.1 ± 13.1 vs. 88.6 ± 15.8,
p
< 0.001). The MRI assessment revealed 94% of Sugaya 1–2. No significant difference was observed between group 1 and 2 regarding all clinical outcomes. Two complex regional pain syndromes were described with a favorable evolution. Three patients presented a retear requiring an iterative arthroscopic repair.
Conclusion
The use of a knotless arthroscopic construct with flat-braided suture for small supraspinatus repair achieved excellent structural and clinical results. This technique is fully adequate for the arthroscopic treatment of such tears, enabling early mobilization.
Level of evidence
Level III.
Cold atmospheric plasma discharges in air above air–water surface interface and discharges inside water with injection of air bubbles, show interesting properties for water purification. Water ...parameters during plasma treatment get different values depending on discharge schemes. Detailed measurements of water parameters during plasma applications as pH, oxidation–reduction potential, total dissolved solids and conductivity are essential in understanding micropollutants degradation mechanisms in water.
E. coli
bacteria in water have been eliminated faster by plasma discharges produced in water than in air above it. Degradations of two antibiotics oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) and doxycycline hyclate (DXC) in water solution are faster for plasma generated below solution surface than above it with appearance of one degradation product for OTC and two for DXC along plasma treatment time. Degradations are enhanced in the solution after 200 h following plasma treatment for the two antibiotics. H
2
O
2
concentration can give a good indication of plasma effectiveness on different pollutants as it is a relatively stable compound. For water purification, contributions of two factors have to be identified namely water acidity with certain pH value and concentrations of reactive species generated in water. For plasma discharges inside water with air bubbles the most pronounced effect is the increasing value of H
2
O
2
generated in water, while for plasma discharges above water the effect of water acidity induced by low pH is more dominant regarding pollutants degradations.
Primary infection with herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) occurring around the mouth and nose switches rapidly to lifelong latent infection in sensitive trigeminal ganglia (TG) neurons. Sporadic ...reactivation of these latent reservoirs later in life is the cause of acute infections of the corneal epithelium, which can cause potentially blinding herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). There is no effective vaccine to protect against HSK, and antiviral drugs provide only partial protection against recurrences. We previously engendered an acute disease-free, non-reactivating latent state in mice when challenged with virulent HSV-1 in orofacial mucosa, by priming with non-neurovirulent HSV-1 (TK
) before the challenge. Herein, we define the local immune infiltration and inflammatory chemokine production changes after virulent HSV-1 challenge, which were elicited by TK
prime. Heightened immunosurveillance before virulent challenge, and early enhanced lymphocyte-enriched infiltration of the challenged lip were induced, which corresponded to attenuation of inflammation in the TG and enhanced viral control. Furthermore, classical latent-phase T cell persistence around latent HSV-1 reservoirs were severely reduced. These findings identify the immune processes that are likely to be responsible for establishing non-reactivating latent HSV-1 reservoirs. Stopping reactivation is essential for development of efficient vaccine strategies against HSV-1.
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