Codeine is bioactivated to morphine, a strong opioid agonist, by the hepatic cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6); hence, the efficacy and safety of codeine are governed by CYP2D6 activity. Polymorphisms are ...a major cause of CYP2D6 variability. We summarize evidence from the literature supporting this association and provide therapeutic recommendations for codeine based on CYP2D6 genotype. This document is an update to the 2012 Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for CYP2D6 genotype and codeine therapy.
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2014); 95 4, 376–382. doi:10.1038/clpt.2013.254
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has become a major public health concern as its incidence and severity have increased in tandem with the obesity epidemic. In children, OSA is now recognized as a ...common disorder and can be associated with significant morbidity. OSA belongs to a spectrum of diagnoses known as sleep-related breathing disorders in which the airway is completely (apnoea) or partially (hypopnoea) occluded during sleep despite continued respiratory efforts. This airway obstruction can cause abnormal gas exchange leading to hypoxaemia, hypercapnia, sleep fragmentation, and their attendant physiological and behavioural consequences. The degrees of hypercapnia, hypoxaemia, and upper airway airflow reduction are the primary factors determining the severity of OSA. In young children, adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common anatomical abnormality associated with OSA, and adenotonsillectomy is, therefore, the most common surgical intervention. Perioperative complications associated with adenotonsillectomy are more common in children with severe OSA. A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of OSA, careful and complete preoperative assessment, meticulous intraoperative and postoperative management, and early recognition of potential perioperative complications are essential to optimization of outcomes. The safe anaesthetic management of a child with OSA requires an anaesthetic technique tailored to the underlying aetiology and severity of OSA and the surgical procedure. This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of OSA, and the state-of-the-art and future directions in the perioperative management of children with OSA.
5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT
3
) receptor antagonists are used in the prevention of chemotherapy- induced, radiation-induced and postoperative nausea and vomiting.
CYP2D6
polymorphisms can ...influence the metabolism of some of these drugs (i.e. ondansetron and tropisetron) thereby affecting drug efficacy. We summarize evidence from the published literature supporting these associations and provide therapeutic recommendations for ondansetron and tropisetron based on
CYP2D6
genotype (updates at
www.pharmgkb.org
).
•Holmium and Erbium doped KTiOPO4 crystals were grown by a top-seeded solution growth method.•Transparent KTP:Ho and KTP:Er crystal were obtained from the mixed K6P4O13 solvent containing MoO3.•The ...doping of Ho and Er into KTP can alters the TiO6 network in the crystal.•The structural analysis of Ho and Er:KTP crystals were analyzed using Raman Shift and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectrum.•The characteristic SHG emission was analyzed.
KTiOPO4:Ho and KTiOPO4:Er single crystals are grown by a top-seeded solution growth method from potassium phosphate and MoO3 flux. The crystalline phase, packing structure and chemical composition of the crystals are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS). The doping of Ho and Er induced strain in the crystal is determined from Williamson–Hall relation. The bonding between titanium and oxygen of Ho and Er doping in the KTP crystal is changing the pseudo-symmetrical deviation in the lattice. The bonding of O and Ti decreases with doping Ho and Er and Ti3+ content in the crystal. The bonding, distortion of the TiO6-TiO6 chain and change in inter-atomic distances by erbium and holmium doping are assessed by Raman spectroscopy and low temperature ESR spectroscopy which evidences the low concentration of Ti3+ presence in the crystal. The KTiOPO4:Ho and KTiOPO4:Er single crystal shows second harmonic generation properties which shows that the efficiency ratio of ηKTiOPO4:Ho/η KTiOPO4 = 0.63 and ηKTiOPO4:Er/η KTiOPO4 = 0.80.
Herein, we report the fabrication of nanocrystals activated 1D TiO2 nanorods heterostructure photoanode with top-open vertical photoanode structure by hydrothermal and SILAR method. The vertical ...nanorod heterostructure could effectively manifest the interface with electrolyte and photoanode for dynamic water oxidation. Furthermore, thermodynamically stable TiO2 nanorod and its conduction band alignment with CdS and CdSe nanocrystals uphold the charge separation and culminate the photocurrent density to 2.01 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V RHE. The decoration of CdS and CdSe co-crystals on TiO2 exhibited a significantly enhanced photoresponse and clear evidence of the negative shift of onset-potential with a five-fold increment of solar to hydrogen generation.
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•TiO2/CdS/CdSe heterostructure photoanodes accomplish enhanced water splitting activity under visible light.•The vertically opened bi-junction heterostructure achieve high surface area and swift electron-hole separation.•The photoanodes can be fabricated via trouble-free facile methods.•The fabrication of TiO2/CdS/CdSe heterostructure is an exceptional strategy for solar to hydrogen conversion.•The charge carrier transfer mechanism for the enhanced watersplitting activity is clarified.
We report on the enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting of hybrid ZnS/ZnO core-shell nanorod arrays functionalized with Bi2S3 nanosheets as photoanode. The ZnO nanorod arrays were prepared by ...a facile hydrothermal approach and sulphurized to form ZnS shell. Subsequently porous Bi2S3 nanosheets were arbitrarily decorated on the nanorod arrays by ionic adsorption and reaction method. Substantial enhancement in photocurrents with twofold increment is observed for hybrid photoanode compared to pristine counterparts. The structural and morphological properties of nano hybrid Bi2S3/ZnS/ZnO samples were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The higher wavelength shift in the absorption edge of Bi2S3/ZnS/ZnO photocatalyst was observed in diffuse reflectance UV–Visible spectra. The low temperature photoluminescence and impedance spectra of Bi2S3/ZnS/ZnO photoanode confirm that Bi2S3 functionalization reduces the recombination of electron–hole pair and facilitates barrier free charge transfer. The Bi2S3/ZnS/ZnO photoanode device exhibits photocurrent density of 220 μA/cm2 at 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl under the electrolyte solution at pH ~10.8. The resultant hybrid photoanode withhold good stability and maintain the facile charge carrier generation and separation. Bi2S3 topological nanosheets are responsible for the absorption of complete visible photons while ZnS/Bi2S3 inter-junction provides the robust electron-hole pair separation at their interface due to infiltration pathway. The photoactive hybridization of Bi2S3/ZnS/ZnO provokes the enhanced donor charge density for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction.
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•2D Bi2S3 anchored 1D ZnS/ZnO core-shell photoanode fabricated.•2D Bi2S3 staging enhances the photo-electrochemical properties.•Bi2S3/ZnS/ZnO shows stable photocurrent density of 220 μA/cm-2.•Bi2S3/ZnS/ZnO enhances the photo-electrocatalytic water oxidation.
A new strain of
Trichoderma harzianum WL1 was isolated from the Western Ghats region of Tamilnadu, India and assayed for laccase activity by ABTS oxidation. Supplementation of CuSO
4 (1
mM) in liquid ...medium yielded high amounts of laccase (4.36
U
ml
−1) at an incubation period of 4 days. Laccase enzyme produced by
T. harzianum in cultures supplemented with copper sulphate has been purified by ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and Concanavalin-A affinity chromatography with a final purification fold of 151.7 and a yield of 0.39%. The purified enzyme was identified as a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 79
kDa by SDS gel electrophoresis. The UV–vis spectrum of the purified laccase had a peak at 608 and 325
nm suggesting the presence of types I and III Cu centers. The redox potential of the enzyme was found to be 692
mV for the type 1 Cu (T1) site. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were 4.5 and 35
°C, respectively. Laccase was stable for 24
h at 35
°C and had half-life of 60
min at 65
°C. Purified laccase showed
K
m values of 180 and 60
μM, respectively, and
V
max values of 3.95 and 1.42
U
mg
−1 protein, respectively, for the substrates ABTS and guaiacol. The susceptibility of laccase towards several putative inhibitors and metal cations was also assessed. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by sodium azide (NaN
3) at the concentration of 20
μM. Laccase activity was also inhibited by several metal cations, especially Hg
2+.
Antimicrobials from natural sources have gained immense importance in recent times to combat the global challenge of antibiotic resistance. Essential oils are implicated in antimicrobial action ...against several species. Here, we have screened nine commercially available essential oils for their antimicrobial activity against organisms associated with skin, scalp and nail infections mainly Propionibacterium acnes, Malassezia spp., Candida albicans and Trichophyton spp. Among nine essential oils, Boswellia serrata essential oil demonstrated superior antimicrobial activity against all the micro‐organisms and surprisingly it showed maximum activity against Trichophyton spp. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of B. serrata oil indicates a major composition of α thujene, ρ cymene and sabinene. Additionally, B. serrata oil was found to inhibit Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm, and its combination with azoles has shown synergistic activity against azole‐resistant strain of C. albicans. These broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activities of B. serrata oil will make it an ideal candidate for topical use.
Significance and Impact of the Study
Eradication of skin and nail infections still remain a challenge and there are serious concerns regarding the recurrence of the diseases associated with these infections. Antimicrobials from plant sources are gaining importance in therapeutics because they encounter minimal challenges of emergence of resistance. We have demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of Boswellia serrata essential oil against micro‐organisms involved in skin, scalp and nail infections, especially if it has shown favourable synergistic antifungal activity in combination with azoles against the azole‐resistant Candida albicans strain. Thus, B. serrata oil can be one of the plausible therapeutic agents for management of skin, scalp and nail infections.
Significance and Impact of the Study: Eradication of skin and nail infections still remain a challenge and there are serious concerns regarding the recurrence of the diseases associated with these infections. Antimicrobials from plant sources are gaining importance in therapeutics because they encounter minimal challenges of emergence of resistance. We have demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of Boswellia serrata essential oil against micro‐organisms involved in skin, scalp and nail infections, especially if it has shown favourable synergistic antifungal activity in combination with azoles against the azole‐resistant Candida albicans strain. Thus, B. serrata oil can be one of the plausible therapeutic agents for management of skin, scalp and nail infections.
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•Simplistic CH3NH3Pb0.99Bi0.01I3/TiO2 bilayer photodetector was fabricated.•The bilayer device demonstrates self-powered photoresponsivity of ~1 × 10−4 AW−1.•Photodetector exhibits ...nonlinear photoresponse with illumination power densities.
In this article, we report the fabrication of self-powered CH3NH3Pb0.99Bi0.01I3 perovskite visible light photodetector by chemical vapour deposition. The crystalline Pb0.99Bi0.01I2 layer grown on TiO2 nanoarrays (NAs) was transformed into trap free CH3NH3Pb0.99Bi0.01I3 functional perovskite layer by exposure of methylamine iodide at various time intervals. The TiO2 NAs improve the morphology and growth of crystalline CH3NH3Pb0.99Bi0.01I3 layers which increases the charge transport and exciton dissociation. Self-powered device resulted in the high photocurrent density of 9.01 × 10−4, 2.65 × 10−3 and 7.06 × 10−3 mA/cm2 under the irradiation of simulated visible solar light at various power densities of 30, 60 and 90 mW/cm2, respectively. The dark current of 10−4 mA/cm2 at 0.3 V clearly evidences ultra-low charge carrier recombination in the bilayer photodetector device. The device accomplishes very good photoresponsivity of ~10−4 AW−1 under self-powered condition.
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•Organic 2-hydroxy biphenyl crystal was grown first time using seeded melt growth technique.•2-Hydroxy biphenyl crystal is transparent over the entire UV–Vis–NIR region.•The grown ...crystal belongs to orthorhombic system.•2-Hydroxy biphenyl crystal is insoluble in water, non-hygroscopic and high resistive favoring for device fabrications.
Organic single crystal of 2-hydroxy biphenyl (2-HB) was grown by top seeded melt growth method. Scanning electron microscopy studies has been carried out on the surface of the grown crystals to investigate the nature of growth and defects. The crystalline perfection and lattice parameters of 2-HB has been determined by single crystal XRD analysis and it belongs to orthorhombic crystal system with space group Fdd2. The functional groups and molecular associations were confirmed by FT-IR. The optical characteristics such as cut-off and transmittance were carried out using UV–Vis–NIR spectra. Absence of absorption in the region between 320 and 1100nm makes the grown crystal desirable to optical applications. Thermal stability of grown crystals was characterized by thermogravimetric (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analyses. Broadband dielectric studies reveals that dielectric constant of grown crystal is low. The resistivity of grown crystal was studied by impedance analysis. The second harmonic generation intensity of 3.8mJ was studied. The grown crystal belongs to soft material studied by hardness test.
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