The aim of this study was to compare angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory and antioxidant activities of peptide fractions obtained from fermented bovine and camel milk by Lactobacillus ...rhamnosus PTCC 1637 during 21 days of cold storage. The proteolytic activity was determined using the o-phthaldialdehyde method, antihypertensive effect was performed based on inhibition of ACE activity, and antioxidant activity was measured using the 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging assay. In most cases, higher ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant activity was observed from cultured camel milk than bovine milk. This may be explained by structural differences and the presence of higher proline content in the primary structure of camel milk caseins compared with bovine milk. In both milk types, increased proteolytic activity during storage resulted in increased antioxidant activity. The results suggest the potential use of fermented camel milk with Lb. rhamnosus PTCC 1637 for production of dairy product with ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant properties.
Electrospray technique was applied to produce nanoparticles (NPs) from walnut protein isolate (WPI) in order to encapsulate curcumin. The optimized condition for the production of the WPI NPs was WPI ...concentration of 3.5%, a solvent mixture of deionized water: 2-propanol (2:1, v/v), electrospraying at a fixed distance, voltage and flow rate including 17.5 cm, 20 kV and 0.09 mL/h, respectively. The ratio of curcumin to WPI was 1:100 (w/w), and the encapsulation efficiency was around 61.5%. The addition of curcumin to WPI solution affected the size, form and surface properties of the electrosprayed NPs. FESEM, HRTEM, AFM, XRD, FT-IR and fluorescence spectroscopy, were applied for the characterization of the produced NPs via electrospraying. The
in vitro
study revealed that release of curcumin was limited in the stomach due to the protective effect of WPI NPs. In the small intestine, WPI particles were hydrolyzed and curcumin was released. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of curcumin-WPI NPs after
in vitro
digestion was significantly higher than WPI NPs due to the bioactive peptides released from WPI NPs. It can be concluded that WPI NPs could act as a unique food-grade carrier to boost the solubility of curcumin.
Para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is a derivative of benzene used as an ingredient in dyes, a photographic developing agent, and a component of engineered polymers. The carcinogenicity of PPD, which has ...been documented in several studies, may be related to its toxic effects on different compartments of the immune system. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the mechanism of the toxicity of PPD on human lymphocytes by exploiting the accelerated cytotoxicity mechanism screening (ACMS) technique. Lymphocytes were isolated from the blood of healthy persons using a Ficoll-Paque PLUS standard method. Assessment of cell viability was carried out 12 h following treatment of human lymphocytes with 0.25–1 mM PPD. For determination of cellular parameters, isolated human lymphocytes were incubated with 1/2 the IC50 (0.4 mM), the IC50 (0.8 mM), and twice the IC50 (1.6 mM) for 2, 4, and 6 h. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) is the concentration that reduces cell viability approximately 50% following treatment. The results of this study demonstrated that PPD-associated apoptosis in human lymphocytes was mainly through the enhancement of intracellular calcium, oxidative stress, and following adverse effect on lymphocyte organelles (like mitochondria and lysosomes). Lipid peroxidation, activation of caspase-3, and stimulation of cytokines (IL2, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and TNF-alpha) production were also observed in PPD-treated lymphocytes. Considering the results of this study, we can suggest an association between PPD carcinogenicity and its toxic effects on different compartments of the immune system.
A novel active packaging system was developed based on mung bean protein incorporated with
Echium amoenum
extract. Different amounts of anthocyanin-rich extract (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% v/v) were ...added to the film-forming solutions and the films were characterized. The addition of anthocyanins increased the film thickness, water solubility, and water vapor permeability; however, the moisture content of the film was decreased. The tensile strength and elongation at break of films were also enhanced significantly by the addition of anthocyanins-rich extract. The color parameters (L*, a*, and b*) indicated remarkable changes after the incorporation of extract into the films. The scanning electron microscopy was utilized to investigate the surface and cross-sectional areas of the active films. The structural changes resulted from enriching with extract were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The antioxidant activity as well as the total phenolic content of active films was improved after the incorporation of anthocyanin-rich extract. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of active films on
E. coli
and
S. aureus
revealed that anthocyanin-containing films could inhibit bacterial growth. The film samples containing extract also showed different colors under different pH conditions. These findings suggested that these types of antioxidant films can be applied for food packaging application.
Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are a member of nanomaterials family that have been produced on a large scale and their toxicity affected by their high surface-to-volume ratio. The hemolytic toxic ...effects of metal oxide NPs may be completely different from those observed in their bulk counterparts. So, the main purpose of this research was to measure the difference between the hemolytic effects of ZnO (NPs and bulk) on isolated human red blood cells (RBCs). Hemolysis was measured after incubation of human RBCs with 0.01–1 mM of ZnO (bulk and NPs) for 6 h. For measurement of other variables, human RBCs were treated with 0.1 mM of ZnO (NPs and bulk) for 1, 2, and 3 h. Our results demonstrate that bulk ZnO did not show any toxic effects in the concentrations tested, while ZnO NPs caused toxic hemolytic effects through formation of ROS, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione depletion.
Recently, nanoencapsulation was introduced as an efficient and promising approach for the protection, delivery, and site-specific liberation of the nutraceuticals and bioactive ingredients. Food ...proteins are attractive materials for developing nanocarriers to protect and deliver bioactives due to their unique functional and biological properties. Food proteins extracted from animals and plants have the ability to form different nanostructures including nanoparticles, hollow particles, nanogels, nanofibrillar aggregates, electrospun nanofibers, nanotubular structures, and nanocomplexes. These nanostructured food proteins have been widely used as nanocarriers for the biologically active compounds and drugs. The release of bioactive compounds from nanocarriers depends mainly on pH as well as swelling and the degradation behavior of nanostructure in the simulated physiological conditions. This review presents the applications of the nanostructured food proteins for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds. The major techniques for the fabrication of nanocarriers are described. The encapsulation, protection, and release of bioactive compounds in different nanostructured food proteins were also discussed.
Walnut (
Juglans regia
L.) contains approximately 20–25 % protein with abundant essential amino acids. The enzymatic hydrolysate of Persian walnut (Chandler) seed proteins was prepared by incubation ...with three different proteases, including pancreatic chymotrypsin and trypsin, and a microbial enzyme proteinase K. The hydrolysates were found to possess excellent antioxidant capacities. The peptide fractions scavenged the 2, 2′-anizo-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals and inhibited the activity of reactive oxygen species. Walnut protein hydrolysates were also tested, for the first time, against the viability of human breast (MDA-MB231) and colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines. MTT, 3-(4, 5dimethylthiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, assay was used to assess
in vitro
cancer cell viability upon treatment with the peptide fractions. The peptide fractions showed cell growth inhibition of 63 ± 1.73 % for breast cancer and 51 ± 1.45 % for colon cancer cells. Thus, a direct correlation between antioxidant and anticancer activities of walnut peptide fractions exists and supports their potential therapeutic benefit.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of camel chymosin and different types of starter cultures on the chemical, textural, proteolytic and lipolytic characteristics of semi-hard white ...cheese prepared from camel milk during ripening. Two treatments of chesses consisting of thermophilic starter culture camel cheese (CC-TC) containing
Streptococcus salivarius
subsp.
thermophilus
and
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
subsp.
bulgaricus
and the mixture of thermophilic/mesophilic yogurt starter culture camel cheese (CC-YC) containing
S. salivarius
subsp.
thermophilus
,
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
subsp.
bulgaricus
,
Lacticaseibacillus casei
subsp.
casei
and
Levilactobacillus brevis
were manufactured. Results show that camel cheese which was produced with YC as a starter culture had more yield in comparison with TC. The chemical changes were significantly higher in CC-YC (
P
< 0.05). The hydrolysis of α
s1
-casein, β-casein and formation of their degradation products was relatively high in CC-YC. The total FFAs were significantly (
P
< 0.05) changed during 60 days of ripening and between CC-TC and CC-YC. The main substrate of lipolytic enzymes from both CC-TC and CC-YC was short-chain fatty acids containing butyric, caproic, capric, lauric, myristic, myristoleic, palmitic in camel cheeses which was decreased during ripening. Whereas CC-TC showed maximum hardness, adhesiveness, stringiness. However, CC-YC showed maximum resilience, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness. Therefore, the use of thermophilic/mesophilic yogurt culture is recommended for the production of good quality semi-hard white camel cheese, considering the chemical and textural characteristics of the cheese.
Biochemical and metabolic processes help plants tolerate the adverse effects of drought. In plants accumulating bioactive compounds, understanding the genetic control of the biosynthesis of ...biochemical pathways helps the discovery of candidate gene (CG)-metabolite relationships.
The metabolic profile of flowers in 119 rapeseed (
) accessions was assessed over two irrigation treatments, one a well-watered (WW) condition and the other a drought stress (DS) regime. We integrated information gained from 52,157 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, metabolites, and transcriptomes to identify linked SNPs and CGs responsible for the genetic control of flower phenolic compounds and regulatory elements.
In a genome-wide association study (GWAS), of the SNPs tested, 29,310 SNPs were qualified to assess the population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD), of which several SNPs for radical scavenging activity (RSA) and total flavanol content (TFLC) were common between the two irrigation conditions and pleiotropic SNPs were found for chlorogenic and coumaric acids content. The principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise regression showed that chlorogenic acid and epicatechin in WW and myricetin in DS conditions were the most important components for RSA. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that vanillic acid, myricetin, gallic acid, and catechin were closely associated in both irrigation conditions. Analysis of GWAS showed that 60 CGs were identified, of which 18 were involved in stress-induced pathways, phenylpropanoid pathway, and flavonoid modifications. Of the CGs,
,
,
,
,
, and
contributed to flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. The results of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that the transcript levels of
,
, and
known as early flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes and
,
, and
related to the later stages were increased during drought conditions. The transcription factors (TFs)
and
related to flavonoids and phenolic acids were upregulated under drought conditions.
These findings expand our knowledge on the response mechanisms to DS, particularly regarding the regulation of key phenolic biosynthetic genes in rapeseed. Our data also provided specific linked SNPs for marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs and CGs as resources toward realizing metabolomics-associated breeding of rapeseed.
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