This study included conducting a geometric analysis of the reservoir of the proposed Al-Baghdadi Dam in the downstream area of the Haditha City northwestern part of Anbar Governorate. The digital ...elevation model with an accuracy of 10 × 10 m per pixel area used to extract the geometric elements by the ArcGIS, Global Mapper, and Surfer software, which are included: negative volume (storage volume), positive volume (size of islands), negative surface area (uneven area of the bottom of the reservoir), and area Positive surface (uneven area of islands), negative flat area (water surface area), positive flat area (area of the projection of islands), average depth of reservoir, and average thickness of islands at each hypothetical level from 77.5 to 106 ms and with a contour interval of 0.5 m above sea level. The relationship between the geometric elements and the water level was used to clarify the extent of variation of the values of these elements with the water level fluctuation, and to delineate the area that will be subjected to immersion in the event of the construction of the dam and to determine the optimal and safest operating level. In contrast, it produces less submerged areas and less contact with the rock exposures of the formation in the study area.
This research aimed to identify the most important geomorphological and morphometric properties of the Central Erbil sub-basin and the possibility of benefiting from its water by using it optimally ...for various uses. The study used the descriptive analytical approach to extract and analyze the morphological and hydrological properties of the valleys in the research area to determine the properties of water drainage networks and variables influencing surface earth formation. Watersheds' morphometric parameters are computed and Identified using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems. Central Erbil sub-basin has radial, parallel, and dendritic drainage patterns and spans 2107 km2. Central Erbil sub-basin is divided into six sub-basins. The present study focused on linear and areal morphometric aspects of sub-basins. The study focuses on morphometric characteristics, for example, drainage density, stream order, stream texture ratio, length, bifurcation ratio, frequency, circularity ratio, form factor ratio, and elongation ratio, which have changed over time. Morphometric studies of the Central Erbil sub-basin indicate that it is a sixth-order drainage basin. This means that the basin is highly permeable and has dense vegetation. Aspects of the basin's morphometric study revealed that it has a significant potential for flooding, suggesting that runoff from the watersheds' upland areas has strongly permeated the basin's gentler downstream portion and increased the capacity for groundwater.
The geopark characteristics in selected sites located between Makhul and Khanuqa anticlines and Tigris River. Eight geosites in the study area are evaluated. The assessment and differentiation of the ...results in the research depended on two methods, Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis and Geosite Assessment Model Classification. The results were identical in the two methods as the highest score in the two methods for the third and eighth stations and the research was concluded. The application of the Geosite Assessment Model model to one station was explained, which is the first one, Al-Qusour station, in order to clarify how to apply it to the other stations. After the application of the Geosite Assessment Model model to all stations, the results were located in a Geosite Assessment Model matrix in order to know that each station will fall within a certain range. After completing the evaluation of the stations, all stations in the study area are suitable as geopark areas.
The study aims to assess the efficiency and susceptibility of aquifers and geological formations in Salahaddin to store excess surface water in rainy and flood seasons, to be alternatives for surface ...aquifers and to achieve an increase in groundwater levels. Five sites that represent several hydrological basins have been selected for artificial recharge experiments, in which two types of experiments were conducted. In the first, the water was injected into the recharge well with monitoring the level in the same recharge well. In the second, water was injected into the recharge well and the water level was monitored in a close well to the recharge one. Test infusion experiments have been conducted in some locations, and data of water level drawdown was drawn in against time in the form of hydrographs, by using Excel program with attempting to analyze groundwater behavior and movement within the unsaturated layers of the aquifer. Then, the hydraulic properties have also been calculated in some locations from pumping tests or artificial recharge experiments and drawing the hydrograph curve using (Aquifer win32). The study concluded that all the aquifers, in which the artificial recharge experiments were carried out, were very efficient in their response to injections, with minor variations due to heterogeneity of porous media and the thickness of unsaturated zones, which cause different permeability between layers, and different hydraulic properties of aquifers.
Abstract
To determine the depths in water bodies as in the rivers, lakes, and dams reservoirs, it is necessary to use a bathometric survey, which sometimes requires cost and fieldwork, but in this ...study, the gradient in the depth of the Badush Dam Lake was estimated before the filling and real operation of the reservoir and found using a digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 10*10 meters, where the obtained data was processed, the depth maps will be a data base for future depth monitoring, from the digital elevation (DEM) model using several programs (Global Mapper 18 & Global Mapper Pro.V.24) (Excel software), and after processing, depth maps are drawn using the (Surfer.16) software, it was noticed the increase in depth with increasing level, as the values represent the negative depths of the dam reservoir, where the minimum depth at the level of 228 m(a.s.l) ranges between (0 to -2.1 m), while at the maximum operational level at a level of 250 m(a.s.l), the depth ranges between (0 to -26 m), while at the maximum flood level of 312 m(a.s.l), the depth ranges between (0 to -90 m). As for the positive values, they represent the positive areas that fluctuate with the increase in the level due to the expansion of the reservoir area, the submergence of islands, and the emergence of new islands inside the body of the reservoir, where the lowest height was reach (0.7 m) at a level of 228 m(a.s.l), and the highest height was (35 m) at a level of 270 m(a.s.l).
In this study, a program was built to simulate the sudden and complete collapse of the Mosul and Badush Dams behavior towards this collapse and predict the level at which the water will balance in ...the two dams after the collapse, compared to different levels at the Mosul Dam before the collapse. Two mathematical models were built as inputs to this program. The first predicted the water level in the Mosul Dam reservoir in terms of its storage volume before the collapse, and the second predicted the water level in the Badush reservoir after the collapse, according to the level in the Mosul reservoir before the collapse. For each collapse scenario, the program was organized according to sequential steps summarized assuming the water level in the Badush Dam reservoir when the level stabilizes, and from it determining the water volume in Badush reservoir based on the geometric analysis of the reservoir, then the volume of water transferred from Mosul reservoir to Badush reservoir, and thus the volume of water inside Mosul reservoir before the collapse. From the first mathematical model, the level of the Mosul Dam reservoir was determined before the collapse. The second mathematical model determined the level of the Badush Dam reservoir after the collapse. The results showed that the program has high flexibility in predicting what will happen in the Badush Dam reservoir after the collapse based on the water level in the Mosul Dam reservoir before it collapses and that the limits of the program's work extend from the minimum to the maximum level in Mosul Dam at which the failure can occur. Also, the storage volume in Mosul Dam will be distributed to the two reservoirs after the failure until the level stabilizes. Badush Dam, at a level of 330.4 m (a.s.l), can expand the maximum flood wave resulting from the total and sudden collapse of Mosul Dam at its maximum level of 333 m (a.s.l).
This study developed hypotheses based on the geometric analysis of the Badush Dam reservoir to simulate the initial filling and operation of the dam reservoir. A mathematical equation was developed ...to estimate the daily demand for water behind the dam, and then build an EXCEL program for calculating the input demand, output discharges, and the storage difference for the dam reservoir. Conditions and parameters for continuous/rapid filling and others for gradual filling of the reservoir were arranged in the program. The daily input discharges records, demand, and output discharges produced for the two wet and dry years selected from the records released from Mosul dam to implement the scenarios of rapid and gradual filling of Badush reservoir. The results showed that the reservoir could be filled within 20 or 130 days, according to the continuous (rapid) filling program in the wet or dry years, respectively, and the possibility of filling the reservoir within 133 or 258 days, according to the gradual filling program in the same two wet or dry years, respectively. The operation was more flexible in the dry year than the wet because the wet years may have high daily discharge releases from Mosul Dam, which requires careful monitoring of the Badush reservoir levels. After all, it may rise in a critical period and needs quick intervention by the operator. In rapid filling, it was noted that the daily increase during the days of storage in a wet year was about 1-2 m/day while no more than 1 m/day for the dry year. Regarding the gradual filling, the daily increase during the days of storage in the wet year varied between 1-3 m/day on some days that do not coincide with the peak flood wave. In the second stage, which lasted only two days, the level rose between 3-4 m/day. The third stage, which lasted only one day and coincided with the peak flood, was accompanied by a sharper increase in the level, reaching 7 m/day. The daily level increased from a few centimeters to 2 m/day through the gradual filling in the dry year.
Injana Formation is the most extended geological formation in Salahaddin Governorate/ Iraq. About 10% of the studied area is covered by the outcrops of the formation as a recharge area. The formation ...is a subsurface within the unsaturated zone in 5% of the total studied area, while it exists within the saturated zone in about 85%; it is a major confined groundwater aquifer. Therefore, the hydrogeological system of the layers needs to be re-evaluated to describe the successions of aquifers and confining layers and their relation with each other.
The lithology, depths, water table, saturated thickness, hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers, and the lateral and vertical variations of these characteristics were adopted to classify the hydrogeological system. The lithological composition is mainly composed of alternating successions of claystone, siltstone and sandstone with some differentiation within the studied area.
The Quaternary and, occasionally, the Mukdadiya Formations are dry or of secondary aquifer, except in limited areas of the governorate. Injana Formation represents the major upper aquifer in the area, especially in the western bank of Tigris River. The outcrops of the formation are adjacent to Makhul and Hamrin anticlines; while Al-Tharthar valley represents a recharge area for the groundwater. In the remaining parts of the studied area, the formation represents the main deeper of a confined to semi-confined groundwater aquifer.
The general direction of the groundwater movement in this hydrogeological system is towards the discharge area represented by Tigris River and Tharthar Lake, which is compatible with the topographic slope. The formation is classified as a multi-layer aquifer hydrogeological system.
The current study evaluated the hydrogeological conditions and hydraulic properties of the groundwater aquifers in Qaraqosh, Karamless and Bartella areas within Al-Hamdaniya district east Mosul. The ...depths and water tables of groundwater for 48 well were measured in October 2019, were ranged between 5 - 45 meters and 234 - 278.5 meters, respectively. The highest water table reaches in the center of the studied area north Qaraqosh and decreases gradually in all directions. A map of the flow net was drawn, and it was found that the general direction of water movement is from north to south, with local directions resulting by pumping from the aquifer, or due to the heterogeneity of the porous media. The results of the pumping test in Karamless area shows that the transmissivity was 107.671 m2/day and 100.682 m2/day according to Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods, respectively. The hydraulic conductivity of 157.65 m saturated thickness was found to be 0.683 m/day and 0.639 m/day using Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods, respectively. While the storage coefficient using Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods was 0.0023 and 0.0020، respectively. In Qaraqosh, the transmissivity was 87.1685 m2/day and 88.1004 m2/day according to the mentioned methods, respectively. While the hydraulic conductivity of saturated thickness of 71.07 m was found to be 1.24 m/day and 1.23 m/day using Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods, respectively. The values of storage coefficient using these methods was 0.00135 and 0.00115 respectively. The total dissolved solids (TDS) measured to conclude the hydrogeological system according to the quality of the groundwater aquifers, it was found that the concentrations of total dissolved solids are more than 3500 ppm in the mid of the study area and decreased towards all directions to the limits of 250 ppm. This wide variation in salinity may be because the wells in the central area penetrate the groundwater aquifers, represented by the layers of gypsum in Al-Fat'ha formation, which is hydraulically connected with the main aquifer of the Injana formation.
The Iraqi government planned to complete the building of partially constructed Badush dam to protect against the collapse of Mosul Dam on Tigris River northwest of Mosul. The study aimed to derive ...the geometric parameters that compatible with the levels ranged 226.5-312 m (a.s.l.) such as reservoir volume, reservoir area, reservoir submerged area, perimeter, and average depth of the water column, which values ranges are 68039-12354976139 m3, 130074-407943574 m2, 130078-410538707 m2, 2.32-594.27 km, and 0.52-30.29 m respectively. These parameters were analyzed against the raising of the level, the spatial analysis of the geometric criteria and its relations with the levels of Badush reservoir showed that the relations between the volume of the positive bodies (islands), the undulated areas above water level which indicate the islands, and the planer areas (projections) of the islands with the level, fluctuates between increase and decrease with an increase in the level, as for the volume of reservoir, the submerged undulated area, the exposed planer area of the water pond, and the average water column depth they increased with the level increasing, unlike the thickness of the islands with the level, which fluctuates in increase and decrease with the level, the geometric analysis of the reservoir showed that Badush Dam is able to absorb the flood wave resulting from the collapse of Mosul Dam, at a level much lower than the level suggested in the preliminary studies that were adopted in the designs, because a large part of the water of Mosul Dam reservoir will remain in the same reservoir when the level is balanced after the collapse. between the two reservoirs, and that the results of this analysis represent a database that will be used in subsequent modifications in the designs.
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