A new multi-objective evolutionary optimization approach for joint topology and pipe size design of water distribution systems is presented. The algorithm proposed considers simultaneously the ...adequacy of flow and pressure at the demand nodes; the initial construction cost; the network topology; and a measure of hydraulic capacity reliability. The optimization procedure is based on a general measure of hydraulic performance that combines statistical entropy, network connectivity and hydraulic feasibility. The topological properties of the solutions are accounted for and arbitrary assumptions regarding the quality of infeasible solutions are not applied. In other words, both feasible and infeasible solutions participate in the evolutionary processes; solutions survive and reproduce or perish strictly according to their Pareto-optimality. Removing artificial barriers in this way frees the algorithm to evolve optimal solutions quickly. Furthermore, any redundant binary codes that result from crossover or mutation are eliminated gradually in a seamless and generic way that avoids the arbitrary loss of potentially useful genetic material and preserves the quality of the information that is transmitted from one generation to the next. The approach proposed is entirely generic: we have not introduced any additional parameters that require calibration on a case-by-case basis. Detailed and extensive results for two test problems are included that suggest the approach is highly effective. In general, the frontier-optimal solutions achieved include topologies that are fully branched, partially- and fully-looped and, for networks with multiple sources, completely separate sub-networks.
Abstract The Central Eastern Desert and Red Sea region have emerged as a significant area of interest for geothermal energy exploration, owing to their unique geological characteristics and active ...tectonic activity. This research aims to enhance our understanding of the region's geothermal potential through a comprehensive analysis of gravity and magnetic data. By utilizing a 3D gravity inversion model, a detailed examination of subsurface structures and density variations was conducted. Similarly, a 3D magnetic inversion model was employed to investigate subsurface magnetic properties. Integration result from the Pygimli library ensured robustness and accuracy in the inversion results. Furthermore, a temperature model was developed using the WINTERC-G model and inversion techniques, shedding light on the thermal structure and potential anomalies in the study area. The analysis of the Bouguer gravity map, 3D gravity inversion model, and magnetic data inversion yielded significant findings. The Red Sea exhibited higher gravity values compared to the onshore Eastern Desert, attributed to the presence of a thinner and denser oceanic crust as opposed to the less dense continental crust in the Eastern Desert. The 3D gravity inversion model revealed distinct variations in density, particularly high-density zones near the surface of the Red Sea, indicating underlying geological structures and processes. Conversely, density gradually decreased with depth along the onshore line, potentially influenced by a higher concentration of crustal fractures. The magnetic data inversion technique provided additional insights, highlighting areas with demagnetized materials, indicative of elevated temperatures. These findings were consistent with the correlation between high-density areas and low magnetic susceptibility values, reinforcing the proposition of increased heat transfer from the Red Sea. Comparative analysis of temperature profiles further confirmed the presence of elevated temperatures in promising zones, emphasizing the geothermal potential associated with heat transfer from the Red Sea. This research contributes to the understanding of the geothermal resources in the Central Eastern Desert and Red Sea region. The results from gravity and magnetic data inversions, combined with temperature profiles, provide valuable information for future geothermal exploration and utilization efforts. The findings underscore the importance of geothermal energy in achieving sustainability and contribute to the global discourse on renewable energy sources.
This paper addresses a very important topic, namely the Prophet Muhammad's stance towards individuals prone to extremism and exaggeration, and how he refuted their excessive and extreme practices. ...The researcher employed examples from the Prophet Muhammad's practical Sunnah, in which he rebuked such groups of people, to highlight the dangers of extremism and the necessity of adhering to moderation and balance as promulgated by the middle-path Islamic Sharia, as described by Allah in His book. The paper discusses the Prophet Muhammad's guidance on this issue through these evidences and their stipulations. It concludes with several findings, including: the Prophet Muhammad refutes those who are extreme and exaggerate in their religion; he set himself as an example and model of perfect religiosity, moderation; true religiosity, righteousness, and moderation are achieved by following him, without extremism in religion; and that an excellent and distinguished example is realized in the Prophet Muhammad in all religious and worldly matters, as he is the embodiment of moderation and balance, utterly distant from extremism, excessiveness, and radicalism.
This paper describes a new multi-objective evolutionary optimization approach to the simultaneous layout and pipe size design of water distribution systems. Pressure-deficient and topologically ...infeasible solutions are fully incorporated in the genetic algorithm without recourse to constraint violation penalties or tournaments. The proposed approach is demonstrated by solving three benchmark problems taken from the literature. New optimal layouts and/or new feasible solutions that are cheaper than the best solutions in the literature were found for both branched and looped network configurations. Specifically, a new best solution was generated for each of the above-mentioned benchmark problems. In addition, the case of the looped design of a hitherto branched network in the literature was considered. Detailed results are included that show that the proposed approach achieves good solutions efficiently and consistently.
The Sinai Peninsula is a subplate located between the African and Arabian plates. It is an important subplate in the world; however, this region is poorly understood because of the shortage of ...geophysical data. Thus, this study focuses on built a three-dimensional (3D) high-resolution forward model of the crustal thickness with a new tectonic model and structural evaluation of the Sinai Peninsula to understand this area tectonically and determine its lithospheric and crustal thicknesses. Qualitative and quantitative interpretations of Bouguer gravity, reduced-to-the-pole (RTP) aeromagnetic, and earthquake data are explained to achieve the goals of this study. Two-dimensional (2D) interactive sequential modeling of gravity data is performed along with some well-selected profiles with existing crustal layer depth points from previous works in the studied region. Seventeen 2D models are constructed and used to determine the basement, Conrad (lower crust boundary), and Moho (upper mantle boundary) depths and to build a 3D model. Accuracy of the 3D built model is evaluated by extracting observed, calculated, and residual gravity anomaly maps. The results show that the basement rocks appear on the surface in the South of Sinai and deepen (down to 4.5 km) toward the North. The Conrad surface varies approximately from 16 km (in the northeast and southwest of Sinai) to 22.8 km (in the southeast). The Moho surface depth (i.e., crustal thickness) varies approximately from 28.8 to 34.2 km, and it deepens toward the northeastern and southwestern parts of Sinai. A tentative basement structure map is constructed from the horizontal gradient (H-gradient) filter and the 3D Euler deconvolution of the Bouguer gravity and RTP aeromagnetic data. Correlation between the geological background of the study area and the obtained results suggests that the Sinai Peninsula is tectonically active, mainly in its southern portion due to the tectonic movements along the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba. The crustal thickness increases southward and thins northward.
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•Novel fabrication of UV-PD based on flexible ZnO NRs/PPC using CBD.•ZnO NRs array have a uniform distribution with length of 1.96 μm.•The maximum value of ƞ is 550.7 under UV ...illumination of 385 nm at 15 V.
This report involves a novel fabrication of ultraviolet (UV) photodetector (PD) based on ZnO nanorods (NRs) onto flexible polypropylene carbonate (PPC) substrate, ZnO/PPC, using chemical bath deposition (CBD). The structural, morphological and optical properties of the samples were studied by utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX), and UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The photosensitivity values of the ZnO/PPC PD were determined to be 52.48, 47.46, and 42.53 toward wavelength of 385 nm at bias voltage of 5, 10 and 15 V, respectively. The response and the recovery times were good value when ZnO/PPC (PD) illuminated under ON/OFF UV pulse of 375, 385 and 405 nm at 5, 10, and 15 V bias voltages. The maximum values of the current gain and the quantum efficiency (ƞ), are 1.52 and 550.7 under UV illumination of 385 nm at 5 V and 15 V, respectively.
We use the harmonic gravity inversion to image the crustal structures beneath the northern Red Sea and its onshore area in Egypt (Central Eastern Desert, CED) and to explore the origin of their ...seismicity. Modeled vertical sections show that the CED has strongly heterogeneous continental crust dominated by NW-SE- to NNW-SSE-oriented density-low anomalies that indicate highly fractured areas of the crust. In contrast, a prominent density-high anomaly is observed at 10–40 km depth along the Red Sea rift, representing shallow hot anomalous upper mantle. A NW-SE-oriented density-high at 25 km depth in the CED west of Safaga represents crustal thinning associated with extension of the African Plate. Density slices at 2–40 km depths show the effect of Precambrian, ENE-oriented structures in the continental crust on the alignment of young volcanoes and magma chambers in the northern Red Sea. These Precambrian structures acted as channels through which magma was intruded and were reactivated in some areas like Abu Dabbab, Marsa Alam, and the Nile Valley forming earthquake belts. Our 3D density model, when combined with updated gravity data and seismic tomography, offers better resolution for deep structures than the previous 2D forward results and serves as a physical property reference to better understand the structure beneath the Red Sea area.
The soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) demonstrates a link between soil moisture content and suction. The SWCC is almost treated as an index parameter in unsaturated soil. The soil permeability ...and shear strength can be linked to SWCC. SWCC is established using filter paper for the wetting path. This paper compares SWCC for both cases stress-dependent and no stress (reference) in the wetting path. The samples of soil are brought from Al-Najaf City with a gypsum content of 29%, Iraq. The stress-SWCC is studied using a modified Oedometer cell with controlled water and air entrance to apply a specific matric suction. While the reference SWCC is estimated using the filter paper method. Matric suction is conducted at a range of pressures from 90 kPa to 0 kPa. The tests use three net normal stresses of 100, 200, and 400 kPa. The results show that there are decreasing values of the SWCC with increasing normal stresses. An interesting result is that this decrease is high and has zero matric suction. The water entry value (WEV) with the most significant value of the water entry change is represented by the matric suction of 50 kPa.
Future research should focus on studying the effect of asthma-friendly school settings as a supportive learning environment for asthma school-aged children in improving their health status and school ...performance. The Global Asthma Report 2018 states that asthma ranks 16th among the leading causes of years lived with disability and 28th among the leading causes of burden of disease, as measured by disability-adjusted life years.1 2 School staff members, teachers and nurses can play an important role in helping students with asthma to manage their disease at school. School-based self-management interventions revealed that the average number of days in which schoolchildren restricted activities due to asthma were decreased, and quality of life appeared to be improved.
Abstract The most prevalent environmental contaminants found in sediments that suggest the presence of effluents from both home and industrial sources are thought to be heavy metals. The aim of this ...study was to assess the accumulation of heavy metals at surface sediment samples that were collected in order to measure the amounts of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Fe., to re-evaluate the environmental conditions and concentration of the analyzed elements in the sediment to detect any pollution of heavy metals in the studied area by using contamination factors (CF), Enrichment Factor (EF) and geo accumulation index (I-geo). To ascertain the connection between the sediment’s total organic carbon (TOC) level and heavy metal pollution, measurements were taken in addition of it. Using the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer, studies were conducted., The mean values of the element in the sediments ranged as: Cu (13.45 μg/g at location 2 to 32.44 μg/g at location 9), Zn (20.76 μg/g at location 1 to 42.49 μg/g at location 10), Pb (9.78 μg/g at location 2 to 30.04 μg/g at location 9 and 10), Cd (7.89 μg/g at location 2 to 18.72 μg/g at location 7) and Fe (459.89 μg/g at location 1 to 833.83 μg/g at location 7) dry weight. The geochemical results show that the distribution and concentration of the heavy metals in the studied sediments is within the average concentration given for the FAO/WHO reported, and the sediment of the studied area is still free from pollution, except Pb and Cd in some local areas, which shows higher concentrations than those reported for world sediments.
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