In December 2016, a panel of experts in microbiology, nutrition and clinical research was convened by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics to review the definition ...and scope of prebiotics. Consistent with the original embodiment of prebiotics, but aware of the latest scientific and clinical developments, the panel updated the definition of a prebiotic: a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit. This definition expands the concept of prebiotics to possibly include non-carbohydrate substances, applications to body sites other than the gastrointestinal tract, and diverse categories other than food. The requirement for selective microbiota-mediated mechanisms was retained. Beneficial health effects must be documented for a substance to be considered a prebiotic. The consensus definition applies also to prebiotics for use by animals, in which microbiota-focused strategies to maintain health and prevent disease is as relevant as for humans. Ultimately, the goal of this Consensus Statement is to engender appropriate use of the term 'prebiotic' by relevant stakeholders so that consistency and clarity can be achieved in research reports, product marketing and regulatory oversight of the category. To this end, we have reviewed several aspects of prebiotic science including its development, health benefits and legislation.
Fermented foods have been consumed for centuries across many geographical locales and have traditionally been considered healthy foods,partly because of the live microbes contained in them.The ...concept of"probiotics"further requires that the microbes be defined and their health effects be demonstrated through human intervention studies or other suitable investigations before marketing with corresponding health messages.Here,we review recommendations for fermented foods and probiotics in several countries outside the EU,focusing on food-based dietary guidelines.We emphasize recommendations on yoghurt and probiotics made by expert bodies.We found that dietary guidelines commonly advocate the consumption of yoghurt or similar products,but specific comments on probiotics are rare.Further,we reviewed guidelines from clinical associations.In general,they acknowledge the beneficial effects of probiotics,but often suggest the need for further research.This is true despite good quality evidence supporting the role of probiotics for certain health effects,such as prevention of eczema in infants,management of side effects from antibiotics and alleviation of functional bowel symptoms.Additional research to support future dietary recommendations should focus on determining effect size,identifying responders and non-responders,clarifying strain-specificity of effects and confirming mechanisms.
Administration of probiotics from the prenatal period through to the first months of life may lead to reduced incidence of eczema5,6 and may also influence the development of infants' Bifidobacterium ...microbiota.7 Here, we demonstrate that short-term administration of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) to mothers during late pregnancy can influence intestinal colonization by particular Bifidobacterium species in infants, but does not lead to infant colonization with the administered probiotic. Infants with allergy in Western societies are reported to be less frequently colonized with infant-type Bifidobacterium species such as the B longum group (consisting of B longum biotype infantis, B longum biotype longum, and B bifidum) and B breve, and more frequently colonized by B adolescentis and other species typical of the adult intestinal microbiota than infants without allergy.1,9 Here, we demonstrate that at 90 days of age, infants whose mothers received LGG during late pregnancy were more often colonized with species belonging to the B longum group, the most abundant group of Bifidobacterium microbiota of healthy infant intestine and human breast milk, than infants whose mothers received placebo.\n ...mode of delivery  Placebo, mother not colonized Placebo, mother colonized Probiotic, mother not colonized Probiotic, mother colonized Total LGG present at any time point, n (column %)      No 17 (89) 1 (50) 5 (83) 11 (61) 34 (76) Yes 2 (11) 1 (50) 1 (17) 7 (39) 11 (24) Total 19 (100) 2 (100) 6 (100) 18 (100) 45 (100) B longum present in infant on day 90, n (column %)      No 13 (43) 2 (50) 3 (30) 4 (17) 22 (33) Yes 17 (57) 2 (50) 7 (70) 19 (83) 45 (67) Total 30 (100) 4 (100) 10 (100) 23 (100) 67 (100) B breve present in infant on day 90, n (column %)      No 21 (70) 3 (75) 5 (50) 11 (48) 40 (60) Yes 9 (30) 1 (25) 5 (50) 12 (52) 27 (40) Total 30 (100) 4 (100) 10 (100) 23 (100) 67 (100) B adolescentis present in infant on day 90, n (column %)      No 20 (67) 2 (50) 8 (80) 17 (74) 47 (70) Yes 10 (33) 2 (50) 2 (20) 6 (26) 20 (30) Total 30 (100) 4 (100) 10 (100) 23 (100) 67 (100) B catenulatum present in infant on day 90, n (column %)      No 25 (83) 3 (75) 10 (100) 19 (83) 57 (85) Yes 5 (17) 1 (25) 0 (0) 4 (17) 10 (15) Total 30 (100) 4 (100) 10 (100) 23 (100) 67 (100) low * Colonization of infants with LGG by randomization group and mode of delivery Colonization of infants with Bifidobacterium species by randomization group and mode of delivery Colonization by randomization group and maternal colonization with LGG at delivery  Placebo (n = 31) Probiotic (n = 33) Total (n = 64) Maternal B adolescentis, n frequency (%)    No 16 (52) 21 (64) 37 (58) Yes 15 (48) 12 (36) 27 (42) Maternal B angulatum, n frequency (%)    No 21 (68) 26 (79) 47 (73) Yes 10 (32) 7 (21) 17 (27) Maternal B breve, n frequency (%)    No 28 (90) 30 (91) 58 (91) Yes 3 (10) 3 (9) 6 (9) Maternal B catenulatum, n frequency (%)    No 12 (39) 13 (39) 25 (39) Yes 19 (61) 20 (61) 39 (61) Maternal B lactis, n frequency (%)    No 30 (97) 31 (94) 61 (95) Yes 1 (3) 2 (6) 3 (5) Maternal B longum, n frequency (%)    No 9 (29) 7 (21) 16 (25) Yes 22 (71) 26 (79) 48 (75) low * Colonization of infants with LGG by randomization group and mode of delivery Colonization of infants with Bifidobacterium species by randomization group and mode of delivery Colonization by randomization group and maternal colonization with LGG at delivery Maternal Bifidobacterium colonization at birth by randomization group
Probiotics That Modify Disease Risk Salminen, Seppo J; Gueimonde, Miguel; Isolauri, Erika
The Journal of nutrition,
05/2005, Letnik:
135, Številka:
5
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Probiotics are defined as live bacterial preparations with clinically documented health effects in humans. Probiotics have specific properties and targets in the human intestinal tract and intestinal ...microbiota. Each probiotic strain, independent of its genus and species is unique and, thus, the properties and the human health effects of each strain have to be assessed in a case-by-case manner. Understanding the mechanisms by which probiotics influence the normal intestinal microbiota and counteract aberrancies in microbiota would facilitate the use of probiotics for both dietary management and reduction in risk of specific diseases. Development of intestinal microbiota is an important factor affecting the health of the newborn. Recent studies suggest that specific bacterial components, especially the bifidobacteria, have a key impact on development of a healthy balanced infant microbiota. The composition of infant and child intestinal microbiota may become aberrant and thus influence the development of diarrheal, inflammatory, and allergic diseases. Based on this understanding, positive health effects of probiotics have been reported in the management of diarrheal, inflammatory, and allergic diseases in infants. Most recently, a reduction in risk of atopic diseases followed early administration of specific probiotics.
BACKGROUND: In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that selected strains of probiotic bacteria can form tight complexes with aflatoxin B₁ and other carcinogens. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study ...was to determine whether administration of probiotic bacteria could block the intestinal absorption of aflatoxin B₁ and thereby lead to reduced urinary excretion of aflatoxin B₁-N⁷-guanine (AFB-N⁷-guanine), a marker for a biologically effective dose of aflatoxin exposure. Elevated urinary excretion of this aflatoxin-DNA adduct is associated with an increased risk of liver cancer. DESIGN: Ninety healthy young men from Guangzhou, China, were randomly assigned to 2 groups; one group received a mixture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705 and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii strains 2 times/d for 5 wk, and the other group received a placebo preparation. The subjects provided 4 urine samples: at baseline, at 3 and 5 wk after starting the supplementation, and at the end of the 5-wk postintervention period. RESULTS: The percentage of samples with negative AFB-N⁷-guanine values tended to be higher in the probiotic group than in the placebo group during the 5-wk intervention period (odds ratio: 2.63, P = 0.052), and a statistically significant decrease in the concentration of urinary AFB-N⁷-guanine was observed in the probiotic group. The reduction was 36% at week 3 and 55% at week 5. The geometric means for the probiotic and placebo groups were 0.24 and 0.49 ng AFB-N⁷-guanine/mL, respectively, during the intervention period (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: A probiotic supplement reduces the biologically effective dose of aflatoxin exposure and may thereby offer an effective dietary approach to decrease the risk of liver cancer.
The adhesion of 12 different
Lactobacillus strains was studied using Caco-2 cell line as an in vitro model for intestinal epithelium. Some of the strains tested have been used as probiotics, and most ...of them are used in the dairy and food industry. Human and bovine enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli strains were used as positive and negative control, respectively. Bacterial adhesion to Caco-2 cell cultures was quantitated using radiolabelled bacteria. The adherence of bacteria was also observed microscopically after Gram staining. Viability of bacteria prior to adhesion was verified using flow cytometry. Among the tested strains,
L. casei (Fyos®) was the most adhesive strain and
L. casei var.
rhamnosus (Lactophilus®) was the least adhesive strain, approximately 14 and 3% of the added bacteria adhered to Caco-2 cell cultures, respectively. The corresponding values for positive and negative control
E. coli strains were 14 and 4%, respectively. The
Lactobacillus strains tested could not be divided into distinctly adhesive or non-adhesive strains, since there was a continuation of adhesion rates. The four most adhesive strains were
L. casei (Fyos®),
L. acidophilus 1 (LC1®),
L. rhamnosus LC-705 and
Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103). No significant differences in the percentage adhesion were observed between these strains. Adhesion of all the strains was dependent on the number of bacteria used, since an approximately constant number of Caco-2 cells was used, indicating that the Caco-2 cell binding sites were not saturated. Viability of bacteria was high since approximately 90% of the bacteria were viable with the exception of
L. acidophilus 1 which was 74% viable. Microscopic evaluations agreed with the radiolabelled binding as evidenced by observing more bacteria in Gram-stained preparations of good adhering strains compared to poorly adhering strains.
Gut
Bifidobacterium
microbiota of the elderly has been suggested to differ from that of adults, possibly promoting the risk of infections and gut barrier dysfunction. Specific probiotics may improve ...the gut barrier. In this randomized, placebo-controlled intervention study, 66 elders consumed a fermented oat drink containing probiotic
Bifidobacterium longum
46 and
B. longum
2C or a non-fermented placebo oat drink for 6 months. Faecal samples were collected before, during and after the intervention. Levels of faecal bifidobacteria were determined using species-specific quantitative PCR and plate counting. The
Bifidobacterium
levels in the elderly were high and the species composition diverse. Probiotic intervention increased the levels bifidobacteria significantly. Specifically, the levels of
B. catenulatum
,
B. bifidum
and
B. breve
were enhanced. Consumption of the fermented oat drink itself was also associated with certain changes in microbiota. In conclusion,
Bifidobacterium
microbiota of elderly subjects may be modulated by probiotic administration. In some healthy elderly populations,
Bifidobacterium
microbiota may be more abundant and diverse than previously suggested.
The determination of bacterial viability in probiotic products is of economic, technological, and clinical significance. We compared four methods to enumerate three Bifidobacterium strains in ...fermented oat products during storage. A subpopulation of nonculturable cells retained a functional cell membrane typical of viable cells, indicating that probiotic bacteria become dormant during storage.
The ability of specific strains of probiotic bacteria to remove the cyanobacterial peptide toxin microcystin-LR from aqueous solutions was assessed. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG and LC-705, ...Bifidobacterium longum 46, Bifidobacterium lactis 420 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 were shown to be the most effective in toxin removal among 11 tested strains. The highest removal percentage of microcystin-LR was 58.1%, observed with B. lactis Bb12 (toxin concentration 100 μg L⁻¹, 10¹⁰ CFU mL⁻¹, 37°C, 24 h). Freshly cultured bacteria were shown to be more efficient in microcystin removal than lyophilized or nonviable bacteria. Removal of microcystin-LR was shown to be dependent on both temperature and bacterial concentration. It is concluded that some of the tested strains have good potential in removing microcystins from aqueous solutions.
PDF
