Emerging viruses are a major public health problem. Most zoonotic pathogens originate in wildlife, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, Ebola, and coronavirus. Severe acute ...respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Viruses are charged colloidal particles that have the ability to adsorb on surfaces depending on pH. Their sorptive interaction with solid particles has important implications for their behavior in aquatic environments, soils, sewage sludge, and other solid materials and their removal or concentration by water treatment processes.
Current state of knowledge on the potential of wastewater surveillance to understand the COVID-19 pandemic is reviewed. This study also identified wastewater irrigation systems with a higher risk of COVID-19 transmission. Emphasis was placed on methodologies for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater.
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•Evidence for the presence of COVID-19 in wastewater•Detection methods and prevalence of viruses in wastewater•Knowledge needs for public health.•Recommendations on research and investigation priorities
•Methods of green synthesis of (NPs) using plant extract were reviewed.•Properties and characterization techniques of nanoparticles were presented.•Shape and size of green synthesized (NPs) via each ...plant have been compared.•Different utilizations of green synthesized (NPs) were inspected.•Future viewpoint of utilizations of green synthesis of (NPs) was studied.
The Nano-biotechnology represents the intersection of nanotechnology and biotechnology and is a promising field of nanotechnology. Recently, the need of making biocompatible nanoparticles for different applications in various areas by eco-friendly technologies in materials science became significant. Today, green synthesis of different nanoparticles NPs has been broadly examined. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles has evolved as a promising substitute to traditional synthesis methods for producing nanoparticles using unicellular and multicellular biological entities such as actinomycetes yeast, bacteria, viruses, plants, and fungus. In this paper, we provide a general overview on properties, synthesis methods and applications of nanoparticles NPs prepared from plant extract. Indeed, different techniques of green synthesis of NPs by plant extract were discussed and presented. The properties of synthesized NPs, in particular shape and size, were discussed and their applications have been also investigated. Furthermore, the future perspective of green synthesis of NPs and their applications were expressed.
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•Electrochemical detection of amoxicillin (AMX)•Types of chemically modified electrodes for AMX detection.•Indirect electrochemical methods for AMX analysis.•Analysis of Amoxicilin in ...several real samples.
Amoxicillin (AMX) is among the most successful antibiotics used for human therapy. It is used extensively to prevent or treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. However, the widespread distribution and excess utilization of AMX can be an environmental and health risk due to the hazardous potential associated to its pharmaceutical industries effluents. Besides, their extensive use in food animal production may result in some undesirable residues in food, e.g. meat, eggs and milk. Consequently, at high enough concentrations in biological fluids, AMX may be responsible of various diseases such as nausea, vomiting, rashes, and antibiotic-associated colitis. For this reason, the detection and quantification of amoxicillin in pharmaceuticals, biological fluids, environmental samples and foodstuffs require new electroanalytical techniques with sensitive and rapid measurement abilities. This review discusses recent advances in the development of electrochemical sensors and bio-sensors for AMX analysis in complex matrices such as pharmaceuticals, biological fluids, environmental water and foodstuffs. The main electrochemical sensors used are based on chemically modified electrodes involving carbon materials and nanomaterials, nanoparticles, polymers and biological recognition molecules.
Covid-19 disease is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus belonging to the coronavirus family. Covid-19 is so new that there is currently no specific vaccine or treatment. Clinical trials are currently ...underway. In vitro tests are also being conducted to assess the efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of this epidemic, which is considered a pandemic by the WHO. We note that the content of this review is dated. The information it contains is subject to change and modification as the epidemic progresses.
•COVID-19 infection poses a serious risk to human life by causing acute lung damage.•Various techniques used to identify and quantify COVID-19 infection.•Major challenges for containing the spread of ...COVID-19 is the ability to identify asymptomatic cases.•Currently available diagnostic methods, biosensing technology developed during COVID-19 infection.
The technologies used for coronavirus testing consist of a pre-existing device developed to examine different pathologies, such as bacterial infections, or cancer biomarkers. However, for the 2019 pandemic, researchers knew that their technology could be modified to detect a low viral load at an early stage. Today, countries around the world are working to control the new coronavirus disease (n-SARS-CoV-2). From this perspective, laboratories, universities, and companies around the world have embarked on a race to develop and produce much-needed test kits. This review has been developed to provide an overview of current trends and strategies in n-SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics based on traditional and new emerging assessment technologies, to continuous innovation. It focuses on recent trends in biosensors to build a fast, reliable, more sensitive, accessible, user-friendly system and easily adaptable technology n-SARS-CoV-2 detection and monitoring. On the whole, we have addressed and identified research evidence supporting the use of biosensors on the premise that screening people for n-SARS-CoV-2 is the best way to contain its spread.
In the last few decades, pharmaceuticals, credited with saving millions of lives, have emerged as a new class of environmental contaminants. These compounds can have both chronic and acute harmful ...effects on aquatic ecosystems and consequently on human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of extremely sensitive, portable, and low-cost devices to perform analysis. In the present review article, recent reports on the application of various voltammetric and photo-electrochemical techniques using different electrode materials for the determination of antibiotic Ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) are reported. This review provides an insight into direct and indirect electrochemical approaches as well as the photoelectrochemical methods used for the determination of CIPRO. Emphasis is put on the applications of unmodified and modified carbon-based electrodes considering the modifier, supporting electrolytes, analytical method, concentration range, limit of detection, and real matrices. Carbon-based electrodes are the most used materials attributed to their commercial availability, reduced cost, high chemical stability, and non-toxicity.
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•Antibiotics have emerged as a new class of environmental contaminants.•Recent carbon-based electrodes with their performances are summarized.•Electrochemical application for each modified/unmodified electrode is briefly discussed.•Direct and indirect approaches for Ciprofloxacin monitoring are discussed.
In this work, the authors present an activated carbon modified carbon paste electrode that has superior electrocatalytic activity for the electro-oxidation of dopamine (DA), paracetamol (PCT) and ...salicylic acid (SA). This excellent electrochemical performance was referred to the porous structure of activated carbon, surface functional groups existing in activated carbon surface and the electron donor–acceptor complex mechanism assumes that the aromatic rings of the drugs act as the electron acceptors. However, the reaction mechanisms of the corresponding electrode were studied in detail in this article. Additionally, under the optimized experimental conditions, DA, SA and PCT exhibit a linear response over the range of 0.1–1000.0 μmol L−1, with the low detection limits of 0.0313 μmol L−1, 0.0282 μmol L−1 and 0.0487 μmol L−1 for DA, PCT and SA, respectively. Furthermore, the AC-CPE showed a high sensitivity, good reproducibility and high stability. The proposed method was applied successfully for the detection of DA, PCT and SA in human blood and pharmaceutical formulations with satisfactory recovery.
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•A sensitive electrochemical sensor of DA, PCT and SA was successfully developed.•AC/CPE shows good electrocatalytic performance for simultaneous detecting drugs.•Proposed sensor exhibited good reproducibility, stability and low detection limit.•Developed method was satisfactorily applied to analyze the drugs in real samples.
The objective of this work is to study the toxicological effect of the imidacloprid (IMD) on common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L) when used at high doses and its quantification by ...electrochemical method. Common bean plants were exposed to increasing concentrations of IMD and the different plant tissues were subjected to various analyses. The IMD detection in different tissues of the bean plant was performed after extraction on the metallic silver electrode using square wave voltammetry. The analytical and calibration parameters (Slope, correlation coefficient, linear range, detection limit and relative standard deviation) were calculated for the different plant tissues. The effect of different doses (5.0 × 10−3 to 5.0 × 10−2 mol L−1) of IMD was evaluated on germination, seedling (vigour, growth) and photosynthetic pigments in the bean plant.
The results indicate that germination rate and seed vigour index reduced significantly (p ≤ 0.05) only in the applied concentrations above the recommended dose. A similar effect of IMD was observed on seedling development in term of roots length, plant length, number of leaves and number of nods. Concerning pigments content, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll maximally decreased by 95.26%, 80.44% and 82.15% respectively at high applied dose. The bioaccumulation and translocation behaviour of IMD in bean plant was investigated, revealing that the IMD can be bioaccumulated in roots and can easily be translocated into stems and leaves.
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Ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) is a second-line antibiotic that belongs to the fluoroquinolone class. Over the years, the consumption of fluoroquinolones has increased exponentially due to their efficacy in ...treating several common infections. However, the increase in its residues can endanger human health and ecosystems, which requires its monitoring through the development of sophisticated technologies. In this study, a novel sensor for highly selective and rapid detection of CIPRO is fabricated. A facile strategy was employed to fabricate the electrode by impregnation of clay mineral on carbon paste electrode (Clay/CPE). The morphological features of the provided sensor were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the electrochemical characterization of the Clay/CPE was performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Compared with unmodified electrode, the oxidation peak current of CIPRO greatly increased at Clay/CPE indicating the excellent ability to promote electron transfer. Electrochemical measurements have been carried out using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under optimized experimental conditions, the oxidation peak current was linear to the concentration of CIPRO in the range from 2.0 × 10− 7 to 5.0 × 10− 5 mol/L (r2 = 0.98) with a detection limit of 4.6 × 10− 8 mol/L (3 × σ/P). The practical applicability of the as prepared sensor was tested in the spiked human urine and pharmaceutical tablets with good recoveries. The work presented herein was significant as it can serve as tools for the analysis of antibiotics in wastewaters prior to being discharged into the environment since this kind of antibiotics can cause bacterial and genetic resistance in microbial populations present in water bodies, which can negatively affect human health.
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•Simple and cost-effective synthesis of clay microparticles for an electrochemical application.•The synthesized clay microparticles were characterized using XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy.•Clay microparticles was used to enhance the performances of CPE toward CIPRO electro-oxidation.•Clay/CPE has been successfully applied for electrochemical detection of CIPRO in tablets and urine samples.
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•A new “metal-antibiotic” complexes were synthesized and characterized.•The Job’s method of continuous variation was used.•The binding constants (K) of the complexes AMX − M (M = Cu, ...Fe and Zn) were calculated.•AMX − M complexes antibacterial activity was evaluated against E. coli.
Some bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotics that were once commonly used to treat them. Moreover, this resistance has become more and more massive and worrying. During this work, we succeeded in synthesizing “metal-antibiotic” complexes, combining as a ligand for the metals of Cu (II), Zn (II) and Fe (III). These complexes AMX − M (M = Cu, Fe and Zn) were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, IR spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. Job’s method of continuous variation suggested 1:1 metals to ligand stoichiometry for all amoxicillin complexes. The binding constant/association constant (K) of the AMX with Zn(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) were found to be 4.46 × 104, 7.17 × 102 and 7.65 × 102 L mol−1, respectively. The IR spectra shows that the ligands coordinated to the metal ions through amino, imino, carboxylate, β-lactamic and carbonyl groups. The electrochemical results proved that amoxicillin oxidation process can be delayed by transition metal complexation. After, the complex synthesis, the antibacterial activity of ligand and its metal complexes were evaluated against Escherichia. coli bacteria by antibiogram method. The results show that the metal-amoxicillin complexes have better antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) than the free ligand (amoxicillin) due to the AMX protection against oxidation after complexation.
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