•Most caregivers had positive beliefs about routine immunisation.•Many children aged 2–24 months were not up-to-date with all vaccines for age.•Uptake was associated with education, income and ease ...of access to immunisation.•Child illness and perceived vaccine unavailability were key reasons for missed/delayed immunisation.•Interventions should focus on strategies that are responsive to the context-specific needs and priorities of districts and communities.
The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to significant health services declines in South-East Asia including Indonesia, which experienced a decline in routine immunisation of children. This study investigated the influence of the pandemic on the beliefs and experiences of caregivers of children related to routine immunisation.
This study involved a cross-sectional survey among 1399 caregivers of children aged 0–24 months in Central Java and West Nusa Tenggara provinces from March–April 2022. Data on beliefs and experiences of childhood immunizations were captured using core items from the WHO/UNICEF Behavioural and Social Drivers of Immunization (BeSD) survey. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with uptake of routine immunisations.
While nearly all caregivers (95.7%) reported wanting their child to receive all recommended routine immunisations, only 40.3% of children aged 2–24 months were up-to-date with all vaccines for age. Factors associated with up-to-date included higher parental education (aOR: 1.76, 95% CI 1.02–3.05), higher household income (aOR: 1.54, 95% CI 1.09–2.18), and caregivers who found it moderately or very easy to get immunisations (aOR: 2.26/2.22, 95% CI 1.06–4.83/1.06–4.69).
Recovery efforts should prioritise responding to the factors associated with immunisation status (e.g., perceived ease of access) and on families experiencing disadvantage (e.g., caregivers with lower education and household income) to ensure protections against future outbreaks that are responsive to the context-specific needs and priorities of districts and communities.
Aloe vera, ginger, and sappan wood have recently gained attention as a potent antioxidant. This study was undertaken to analyze the possible effects of oral administration of herbal infusion (the ...combination of Aloe vera, ginger, and sapang wood) on fasting blood glucose (FBS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in diabetic rats. Forty male albino rats (150-250 gm) were divided into five groups (n=8 in each group): alloxan-induced diabetic (negative control group/K-), acarbose treated (positive control group/K+), diabetic rats treated with herbal infusion dose 6.75 mg/150 gmbw (P1), diabetic rats treated with herbal infusion dose 13.5 mg/150 gmbw (P2), and diabetic rats treated with herbal infusion dose 20.25 mg/150 gmbw (P3). Male albino rats induced with a dose of alloxan 120 mg/kgbw and also 5% glucose after 6 hours of alloxan induction. FBS and MDA levels of each rat were measured before induction of alloxan was performed as a control sample. After seven days and 14 days of herbal infusion administration, FBS parameters was investigated with a glucometer. In the last week, the concentration of MDA in serum blood was determined using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 545 nm. Diabetic rats exhibited a significant decrease in FBS and MDA. Administration of herbal infusion was reduced FBS significantly between groups (ANOVA, Bonferroni, p<0.05). The concentration of MDA in serum blood was decreased significantly on K-, K+, P1, P2, P3 compared to the control group (ANOVA, LSD, P<0.05). It could be postulated herbal infusion has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-diabetic effects of FBS and MDA in male albino rats Wistar strain.
Purworejo is one of malaria endemic area with Annual Parasite Incidence was 0.94%. The purpose of this study was to describe Anopheles mosquito breeding place based on environmental factors in ...Bagelen Subdistrict, Purworejo Regency. This was an observational research. The population and samples was all malaria patients in the whole endemic area of Bagelen sub-district (70 respondents in 6 villages). Data analysis using spatial analysis and distribution frequencies. The breeding place of Anopheles mosquito was taken at ± 200 m radii from patient's home, then measured the environmental factors. The results showed that from 70 cases of malaria, there were 29 of 39 points of Anopheles mosquito's breeding place positive of Anopheles mosquito larvae. Types of breeding sites were water path (20.51%), crevice (30.77%), water puddle (30.77%), and cement mortar pond (17.95%). The breeding places of Anopheles mosquito were mostly found in Durensari Village (33.33%). The average temperature at the positive breeding place of Anopheles mosquito larvae was 26.74°C, the average humidity was 79.41%, the average of water pH was 7.63. As many as 60.98% of the breeding places were found in plant vegetation (bamboo trees), twigs of tree, teak trees, palm trees, and taro trees. The highest densities of larvae (8.2 larvae/detention) found in cement mortar pond with the temperature of the water was 26°C, the humidity was 82%, pH 9.2, and taro plant vegetation. It is suggested to the community to aware places that have the potential to become larvae habitats like ponds of cement mortar around the house.
BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in extreme strain on health systems including the health workforce, essential health services and vaccination coverage. We examined disruptions to ...immunisation and maternal and child health (MCH) services, concerns of personal well-being and delivery of healthcare during the pandemic as well as factors associated with self-reported trauma or burnout among healthcare providers (HCPs).MethodsIn March–April 2022, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among HCPs in two provinces of Indonesia. HCPs involved in COVID-19 or routine immunisation and MCH services were randomly selected from district/city health office registration lists. We descriptively analysed service disruptions experienced by HCPs as well as trauma, burnout and concerns of personal well-being and delivery of healthcare during the pandemic. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify factors associated with trauma or burnout.ResultsWe recruited 604 HCPs. Mobilisation of staff from routine health services to COVID-19 response duties was a key reason for service disruptions (87.9%). Strategies such as community outreach and task shifting were implemented to overcome disruptions. Trauma or burnout during the pandemic was reported by 64.1% HCPs, with 23.5% reporting worse mental or emotional health.Factors associated with trauma or burnout included delivery of COVID-19 immunisation (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.54, 95% CI 1.08 to 5.94); and delivery of both COVID-19 immunisation and routine immunisation compared with no involvement in vaccination programmes (aOR 2.42, 95% CI 1.06 to 5.52); poor treatment in the workplace (aOR 2.26, 95% CI 1.51 to 3.38) and lower confidence to respond to patient queries on COVID-19 immunisation (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.22).ConclusionHCPs experienced service disruptions, trauma and burnout and implemented strategies to minimise disruptions to service delivery and improve patient experiences. Our study highlights the need to ensure that workforce resilience and strategies to protect and support HCPs are considered for pandemic planning, preparedness and management.
BACKGROUND: Channa striata has several good nutrients, including 70% protein, 20% albumin, complete amino acids, zinc, selenium, and iron. However, no study has investigated the chitosan-PEG ...nanoparticles based on Channa striata protein hydrolyzate. This study’s purpose was to determine the role of 10% Channa striata protein hydrolyzate, chitosan-PEG 4000 nanoparticles, and chitosan- PEG 6000 nanoparticles in reducing diabetes mellitus in diabetic rats.METHOD: A randomized pretest-posttest control group design was used, with male Sprague–Dawley rats being divided into five groups: STZ, acarbose, hydrolyzate, chitosan-PEG 4000 nanoparticles, and chitosan-PEG 6000 nanoparticles. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin at 1 ml in each formulation. Blood glucose levels were analyzed using a glucometer 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. The CHOD-PAP method was used to analyze the lipid profile. Pancreas and liver histology analyses were carried out using a microscope.RESULTS: The formulation of 10% Channa striata protein hydrolyzate and PEG 6000 was the most effective in lowering blood glucose concentrations, and the response was close to the acarbose result. The glucose concentration decreased after daily oral administration of chitosan-PEG nanoparticles for 21 days. The plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL concentrations were lower in treated than in untreated diabetic rats.CONCLUSION: This study concluded that the formulation of 10% Channa striata protein hydrolyzate and chitosan-PEG 6000 nanoparticles was more effective than acarbose.
The
Gajah Mungkur
sub-district in Semarang, Indonesia had highest leptospirosis cases (reported in human with seven infected and one dead) in 2015. The purpose of this study was to analyze the ...association between house sanitation and density of rats with
Leptospira sp.
infection in rats. The study design was cross sectional observational analytic. The number of 308 trapswere placed in study sites over three consecutive nights afterwards. Every houses were placed with four traps, inside and outside. Trapped rats were anesthetized with atropine dose from 0.02 to 0.05 mg/kg body weight of rats continued with Ketamine HCL dose of 50-100 mg/kg body weight of rats by injecting in the thick thigh muscle of it. After that, identification of rats by species and gender then continues with surgery in which a kidney sample was taken to confirm the presence of bacteria
Leptospirasp
using PCR techniques. The trap installed in 77 houses which later had further observation on house sanitation which includes the existence of a pile of used goods, food storage, garbage can, and the presence of the ceiling, windows and other ventilation.Data was analyzed using distribution frequency and bivariate chi-square test. We had 100 rats captured with live traps as the samples.The proportion of
Rattusnorvegicuswas
27% (14.8% positive
Leptospira sp.
infection) and
Rattustanezumi
73% (11%positive
Leptospira sp.
infection). The proportion of male and female rats were almost equal. The statistic test result was significant between the density of rats (p = 0.0001, OR 12.833, 95%CI: 1.565-105.261) and sex of rats (p = 0.019, OR 0.095, 95%CI: 0.012–0.769) with
Leptospira sp.
infection in rats. The number of rats may increase the infection of
Leptospirasp.,
especially female rats and poor condition of house sanitation. It is recommended to improve house sanitation and regularly trapping rats.
WHO initiated lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination globally. Pekalongan District, as LF endemic area, started a program of mass drug administration (MDA) to combat LF in 2015. This study aimed to ...determine prevalence of
infection prior to the MDA.
LF infection was detected by the existence of circulating filarial antigen (CFA)
using immunochromatographic card test (ICT). The study population consisted of 1404 elementary school (ES) students living in Pekalongan District. Overall, 1033 were selected as study subjects. Prevalence survey was also conducted on 436 general population in areas where infected students were found.
The subjects ranged from 7-17 yr old (mean 9.85±1.296) and equally distributed between both sexes. Prevalence of
infection was 1.98% in children. Infection was mostly found in older students (12 yr old), male, in 6th grade, but did not differ significantly (
=0.129, 0.376, and 0.212 respectively). On the other hand, distribution of infection was significantly different by school (
=0.009) and sub-district (
=0000). Most of children with LF infection were found in Tirto Sub District. In general population, the prevalence of
infection in Tirto was 4.4%. Proportion of infection in males (12.2%) was greater than females (3.8%), with 78.9% of positive cases were in adult over 20 yr old.
Cases of
infection exist in Pekalongan District, both in children and adults. Implementation of MDA must be carefully monitored in order to achieve elimination target.
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the factors causing erectile dysfunction (ED) and may affect a person's quality of life. This study was aimed to describe the epidemiology of ED in men ...with DM in a primary health care.
METHODS The study used a cross-sectional study design conducted from January to March 2017 at the Tlogosari Kulon Health Center, Semarang. There were 122 diabetic men who were all included in the study. The data were collected using interviewerassisted questionnaires. The status of ED was measured by the erectile dysfunction intensity scale adapted to the International Index of Erectile Function.
RESULTS The results showed that the prevalence of diabetic men with ED was 84.4%. Most men with ED had age of ≥46 years (91.0%), experienced work stress (88.5%), had low physical activity (93.1%), had obesity (88.0%) of which 86.3% had central obesity, smoking (84.6%), had DM >5 years (91.2%), and took antihypertensive drugs (90.0%). The fasting blood glucose level of respondents ≥126 mg/dl was 86.0%, and 91.7% had sexual desire disorder. The duration of DM and aging are contributing factors of ED in males with DM, with a p-value of 0.016 and 0.013, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ED in primary health care is still high, and the determining factors were the duration of DM and aging. Public health centers are advised to undertake health promotion on the prevention of factors that can lead to sexual dysfunction in males with DM.
Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease, transmitted to human trough contact with contaminated animal urine and contaminated environment. Demak District is an endemic area where cases increased in the past ...2 years. The aim of the study was to map environmental risk factor of Leptospirosis and to determine Leptospirosis vulnerable zone using cross-sectional study design. There were 42 cases mapped by GPS and overlaid using remote sensing (Quickbird image) by using ArcView program then interpreted by Spatial Feature and Spatial Analyses. Leptospirosis cases were spread out and grouped in Demak Sub District area. More cases were males (61.9%), 21-50 years old age group (59.3%) and farmers (40.4%). Spatial analyses showed that all the leptospirosis cases took place in the area with low plain <47 msl, rainfall ≥220 mm/month (64.7%), clay soil (100%), buffer river <50 m (71.4%), presence of rat (100%), wastewater disposal (100%), waste disposal facilities (97.7%), flood’s profile (28.6%), tidal inundation’s profile (7.1%), vegetation (59.5%). Leptospirosis high-risk zone was in 37,801.8 ha (41.32%), moderate risk zone was 43,570.23 ha (48.55%), and low-risk zone was 9,090.96 ha (10.13%). Densely populated housing, bad environment condition, and the presence of rat and puddles that were contaminated by rat’s urine were risk factors of Leptospirosis cases in Demak District.
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