Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates interrelated inflammatory and coagulation cascades characterized by wide-spread cellular activation, induction of leukocyte and endothelial cell adhesion ...molecules and release of soluble pro/antiinflammatory cytokines and thrombotic mediators. Resuscitative care is focused on optimizing cerebral perfusion and reducing secondary injury processes. Hypertonic saline is an effective osmotherapeutic agent for the treatment of intracranial hypertension and has immunomodulatory properties that may confer neuroprotection. This study examined the impact of hypertonic fluids on inflammatory/coagulation cascades in isolated head injury.
Using a prospective, randomized controlled trial we investigated the impact of prehospital resuscitation of severe TBI (GCS < 8) patients using 7.5% hypertonic saline in combination with 6% dextran-70 (HSD) vs 0.9% normal saline (NS), on selected cellular and soluble inflammatory/coagulation markers. Serial blood samples were drawn from 65 patients (30 HSD, 35 NS) at the time of hospital admission and at 12, 24, and 48-h post-resuscitation. Flow cytometry was used to analyze leukocyte cell-surface adhesion (CD62L, CD11b) and degranulation (CD63, CD66b) molecules. Circulating concentrations of soluble (s)L- and sE-selectins (sL-, sE-selectins), vascular and intercellular adhesion molecules (sVCAM-1, sICAM-1), pro/antiinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL-10), tissue factor (sTF), thrombomodulin (sTM) and D-dimers (D-D) were assessed by enzyme immunoassay. Twenty-five healthy subjects were studied as a control group.
TBI provoked marked alterations in a majority of the inflammatory/coagulation markers assessed in all patients. Relative to control, NS patients showed up to a 2-fold higher surface expression of CD62L, CD11b and CD66b on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and monocytes that persisted for 48-h. HSD blunted the expression of these cell-surface activation/adhesion molecules at all time-points to levels approaching control values. Admission concentrations of endothelial-derived sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin were generally reduced in HSD patients. Circulating sL-selectin levels were significantly elevated at 12 and 48, but not 24 h post-resuscitation with HSD. TNF-alpha and IL-10 levels were elevated above control throughout the study period in all patients, but were reduced in HSD patients. Plasma sTF and D-D levels were also significantly lower in HSD patients, whereas sTM levels remained at control levels.
These findings support an important modulatory role of HSD resuscitation in attenuating the upregulation of leukocyte/endothelial cell proinflammatory/prothrombotic mediators, which may help ameliorate secondary brain injury after TBI.
NCT00878631.
Purpose
An increasing number of polytraumatized patient presenting with active abdominal pelvic bleeding (APB) have been treated by endovascular selective embolization. However, reports on evaluate ...the efficacy, safety and complications caused by this technique have been limited. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of embolization of APB using N-butyl cyanoacrylate glue (NBCA).
Materials and methods
Single center retrospective study, that included consecutive 47 patients presenting with traumatic APB treated by embolization with NBCA between January 2013 and June 2019. The efficacy endpoint was defined as the absence of contrast extravasation immediately after procedure and clinical stabilization in the following 24 h after procedure. Clinical stabilization was defined as no rebleeding after embolization or the need for a surgical approach until the patient is discharged. Safety endpoint were any technical or clinical complications related to the embolization procedure.
Results
The mean age of patients was 38.6 years (3–81), with a predominance of males (87.2%). The major causal factor of APB being involvement in a car accident, accounting for 68% of cases. Of the 47 cases, 29.8% presented pelvic trauma and the remaining (70.2%) presented abdominal trauma. The efficacy rate was 100%, while no complications related to the procedure were observed. The mortality rate was 14.8% (7/47) due to neurologic decompensation and other clinical causes.
Conclusion
Endovascular embolization of traumatic abdominopelvic bleedings appear to be a highly safe and effective treatment, while avoiding emergent exploratory open surgeries.
Penetrating trauma is usually divided into stab and gunshot wounds (GSW). When considering GSW, the initial assessment involves the identification of all the wounds, to understand the projectile's ...trajectory as well as to determine which anatomic structures might have been damaged 1. Rarely, the projectile might not leave the victim's body and embolize to a different region through large blood vessels. Known as Missile Embolism (ME), this uncommon complication can compromise multiple body segments, resulting in severe injuries, whether it occurs through an artery or a vein, such as pulmonary embolism, cardiac-valve incompetence, limb-threatening ischemia, coronary infarct, and stroke 2,3. This is a case report of an 18-year-old male patient who suffered a gunshot wound and was submitted to an exploratory laparotomy which identified a laceration of the inferior vena cava. Further exams concluded that the bullet was embolized to the right hepatic vein. ME treatment will depend mostly on the bullet's placement; if located in the left circulation or arterial vessels, retrieval is the preferred treatment. It can be executed through surgical exploration or endovascular procedure 3,4,8 Venous ME has several treatment options, including conservative management if the patient remains asymptomatic 3–7. Cases of paradoxical embolization might be managed as arterial ME 3,4.
Introduction: simulation is a technique that has gained great acceptance for teaching skills and professional behavior in several areas. To overcome the limitations imposed by the high cost of the ...materials involved and the need for specific training, higher education institutions have implemented dedicated laboratories. Ribeirao Preto Medical School of University of Sao Paulo (RPMS-USP) has recently installed its Simulation Lab (LabSim) with the following goals: 1) To centralize, facilitate, train and coordinate didactic activities involving Simulation; 2) To promote self-directed learning among undergraduate students; 3) To develop research in Simulation in Healthcare. Objectives: to describe the process of LabSim implementation to preserve the RPMS-USP history; to analyze this process to outline new goals for its continued development. This is a descriptive study, based on revised historical documents. Methodology: the process of LabSim development is described in chronological order, highlighting the motivations for the decisions made. Results: 1) Simulation is a teaching methodology and not the simple use of technology, being necessary the training of personnel besides the incorporation of technology. 2) The physical structure is an important component to explore the methodology in its entirety. One should consider the principles of Flexibility, Space Utilization, Flow Management, Connectivity and Immersion. Consider Benchmarking to evaluate the solutions of other laboratories so you can contextualize them into your reality. 3) Individualize the addition of new simulator according to the disciplines that already use the methodology and link this acquisition with personnel training. 4) The self-learning potential of new simulators can maximize the exposure time and individualize the feedback. Conclusions: the RPMS-USP’s LabSim future goals include teacher training, strengthening the inclusion of disciplines, seeking multidisciplinary action in accordance with the standards of the Undergraduate Committee, the development of research in the field of Simulation and the national and international projection of the laboratory through accreditation processes. Nevertheless, based on the evidence provided, the implementation of the LabSim is a very successful and evolving experience.
A organização dos sistemas de urgência e trauma tem sido extensivamente discutida no mundo. Diversos modelos têm sido propostos principalmente pelos países desenvolvidos.Embora exista um consenso com ...relação à necessidade e os grandes benefícios trazidos pela organização dos sistemas de urgência e trauma, ainda não existem evidências quanto à supremacia de um único modelo. Sumariamente as principais diferenças são baseadas na participação ou não dos médicos no atendimento pré-hospitalar e na existência ou não de uma especialidade médica em emergências na linha de frente dos hospitais. No Brasil, embora nos últimos anos o Ministério da Saúde tenha investido no desenvolvimento de um modelo nacional, o setor de urgência ainda carece de definições, maiores investimentos e envolvimento dos órgãos formadores no setor de saúde.
OBJETIVO: Caracterizar os óbitos decorrentes de trauma em um hospital terciário e avaliar a qualidade do atendimento prestado a essas vítimas. MÉTODOS: Tratou-se de um estudo retrospectivo realizado ...em um centro de referência em trauma no período de um ano. Através da metodologia Trauma Score - Injury Severity Score e da revisão de prontuários foram identificadas e estudadas as mortes evitáveis, potencialmente evitáveis e inevitáveis. RESULTADOS: Setenta e cinco pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Houve predomínio de mortes em pacientes jovens, do sexo masculino, vítimas de acidentes de trânsito. As médias do Revised Trauma Score, Injury Severity Score e Trauma Score - Injury Severity Score foram 5,60, 30,7 e 62,2%, respectivamente. A taxa de mortes consideradas evitáveis foi de 61,3%, potencialmente evitáveis, 24%, e inevitáveis, 14,7%. CONCLUSÃO: A amostra do estudo apresentou características epidemiológicas semelhantes às amostras de outros estudos, exceto pela alta taxa de mortes evitáveis e pelos altos valores do Revised Trauma Score. Houve dificuldades na obtenção de dados em prontuários, laudos de exames de imagem e laudos de necropsia. A qualidade do atendimento prestado às vítimas de trauma na Instituição se mostrou insatisfatória por problemas na coleta e armazenamento dos dados.
Trauma is one of the world's leading causes of death within the first 40 years of life and thus a significant health problem. Trauma accounts for nearly a third of the lost years of productive life ...before 65 years of age and is associated with infection, hemorrhagic shock, reperfusion syndrome, and inflammation. The control of hemorrhage, coagulopathy, optimal use of blood products, balancing hypo and hyperperfusion, and hemostatic resuscitation improve survival in cases of trauma with massive hemorrhage. This review discusses inflammation in the context of trauma-associated hemorrhagic shock. When one considers the known immunomodulatory effects of traumatic injury, allogeneic blood transfusion, and the overlap between patient populations, it is surprising that so few studies have assessed their combined effects on immune function. We also discuss the relative benefits of curbing inflammation rather than attempting to prevent it.
O Trauma é uma das principais causas de morte até 40 anos de idade em todo o mundo e, portanto, um significativo problema de saúde. Esta doença é ainda responsável por quase um terço dos anos perdidos de vida produtiva até os 65 anos de idade e esta associada com infecção, choque hemorrágico, síndrome de reperfusão e inflamação. O controle da hemorragia, coagulopatia, utilização dos produtos derivados do sangue, equilibrando hipo e hiperperfusão, e reanimação hemostática melhoraram a sobrevida em casos de trauma com hemorragia volumosa. Esta revisão discute a inflamação no contexto de choque hemorrágico associado ao trauma. Quando consideradosos efeitos imunomoduladores conhecidos da lesão traumática e transfusão de sangue alogênico em relação aos doentes, é surpreendente que tão poucos estudos avaliaram os seus efeitos combinados sobre a função imunológica. Discutimos também os benefícios relativos de reduzir a inflamação ao invés de tentar impedi-la.
PDF
