We investigate the impact of different properties of the nuclear equation of state in core-collapse supernovae, with a focus on the proto-neutron-star contraction and its impact on the shock ...evolution. To this end, we introduce a range of equations of state that vary the nucleon effective mass, incompressibility, symmetry energy, and nuclear saturation point. This allows us to point to the different effects in changing these properties from the Lattimer and Swesty to the Shen et al. equations of state, the two most commonly used equations of state in simulations. In particular, we trace the contraction behavior to the effective mass, which determines the thermal nucleonic contributions to the equation of state. Larger effective masses lead to lower pressures at nuclear densities and a lower thermal index. This results in a more rapid contraction of the proto-neutron star and consequently higher neutrino energies, which aids the shock evolution to a faster explosion.
•Large-scale analysis of climate change media coverage in countries from all continents.•Climate change receives considerable media attention in all countries under study.•Issue attention rose ...significantly between 1996 and 2010.•It is particularly high in countries with tough Kyoto emission targets.
Climate change is a global phenomenon, and its outcomes affect societies around the world. So far, however, studies on media representations of climate change have mostly concentrated on Western societies. This paper goes beyond this limited geographical scope by presenting a comparative analysis of issue attention in 27 countries. The sample includes, among others, countries that have committed themselves to greenhouse gas emission reductions under the Kyoto Protocol such as Germany as well as countries that are strongly affected by the consequences of climate change like India. In a first step, it describes the development of media attention for climate change in these countries from 1996 to 2010. Second, it compares the amount of media attention and explores whether it corresponds with indicators measuring the relevance of climate change and climate policies for a country. The analyses show that climate change coverage has increased in all countries. Still, overall media attention levels, as well as the extent of growth over time, differ strongly between countries. Media attention is especially high in carbon dependent countries with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol.
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•Systematic comparison of climate change coverage between the Global South/North.•Considerable, but no longer increasing attention to climate change (2006–2018).•Coverage often ...focuses on the societal dimension of the climate crisis.•Focusing events, such COPs, associated with attention to climate change across the world.•Global North covers climate change more while South focuses on its impacts on humans.
Climate change poses a challenge to countries across the world, with news media being an important source of information on the issue. To understand how and how much news media cover climate change, this study compares coverage in ten countries from the Global North and the Global South between 2006 and 2018 (N = 71,674). Based on a panel analysis, we illustrate that news media attention varies across countries and is often associated with political, scientific, and (partly) societal focusing events. Based on an automated content analysis, we also find that news media do not only cover ecological changes or climate science, but that they focus predominantly on the societal dimension of climate change: They emphasize how humans are aware of, affected by, battle, or cause climate change. Overall, the study illustrates important differences between the Global North and the Global South. While countries from the Global North cover climate change more frequently, countries from the Global South focus more on its challenges and implications for society at large, i.e., the societal dimension of climate change.
We introduce ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction (ULEED) in backscattering for the study of structural dynamics at surfaces. Using a tip-based source of ultrashort electron pulses, we ...investigate the optically driven transition between charge density wave phases at the surface of 1T-TaS2. The large transfer width of the instrument allows us to employ spot-profile analysis, resolving the phase-ordering kinetics in the nascent incommensurate charge density wave phase. We observe a coarsening that follows a power-law scaling of the correlation length, driven by the annihilation of dislocation-type topological defects of the charge-ordered lattice. Our work opens up the study of a wide class of structural transitions and ordering phenomena at surfaces and in low-dimensional systems.
People’s attitudes toward climate change differ, and these differences may correspond to distinct patterns of media use and information seeking. However, studies extending analyses of attitude types ...and their specific media diets to countries beyond the United States are lacking. We use a secondary analysis of survey data from Germany to identify attitudes toward climate change among the German public and specify those segments of the population based on their media use and information seeking. Similar to the Global Warming’s Six Americas study, we find distinct attitudes (Global Warming’s Five Germanys) that differ in climate change–related perceptions as well as in media use and communicative behavior. These findings can help tailor communication campaigns regarding climate change to specific audiences.
This article describes the thermodynamical analysis of a hydrogen (H2) fueling station (HFS) with cryopump technology. A dynamic, object-oriented computer model of the HFS is developed in ...Matlab-Simulink. This model calculates, amongst other thermodynamic properties, the temporal and spatial variation of the H2 temperature and the component temperatures within the HFS. The validation of the computer model with data from a series of measurements at a testing facility confirms a good accuracy of the model. The most important model object is the high pressure pipe through which the H2 flows. The pipe is modeled and validated in different configurations. The thick-walled pipe material is discretized in radial and axial direction. In comparison to measurements the simulations show acceptable accuracy with an radial discretization length of s<0.0026m. In axial direction a discretization length of l<1.18m is found to deliver acceptable accuracy of the simulations compared to measurements. Based on the simulation results a new method of controlling the H2 temperature by mixing two H2 mass flows with different temperatures is assessed as practicable. The electrical power requirement of the electric heat exchanger in this HFS design is determined. Depending on the load cases it varies between 0.13kWhel/(kgH2) and 0.40kWhel/(kgH2).
The study of climate change communication has become an important research field. As stakeholders such as scientists, politicians, corporations, or NGOs increasingly turn to the Internet and social ...media for providing information and mobilizing support, and as an increasing number of people use these media, online communication on climate change and climate politics has become a relevant topic. This article reviews the available scholarly literature on the role of online and social media in climate communication. It analyzes how stakeholders use online communication strategically, showing, for example, that climate scientists and scientific institutions do not seem to be major players in online debates about climate change and climate politics. Furthermore, it highlights the characteristics of online climate communication, outlining, for example, that although (or because) many stakeholders participate online, this does not lead to robust scientific information or better debates. Eventually, the review assesses what is known about the uses and effects of online climate communication, showing that impacts on the broader public seem to be limited so far. Research desiderata are identified in the end, and directions for further studies are shown. WIREs Clim Change 2012, 3:527–543. doi: 10.1002/wcc.191
This article is categorized under:
Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Communication
To evaluate the intima-media thickness (IMT) of arteries involved in GCA for determining cut-off values.
Forty newly diagnosed GCA patients in a fast-track GCA clinic and 40 age- and sex-matched ...controls were included. IMT measurement was performed at or within 24 h after diagnosis. The common superficial temporal arteries with their frontal and parietal branches and the facial arteries were bilaterally examined with a 10-22 MHz probe and the axillary artery with a 6-18 MHz probe. Receiver operating characteristics analysis was performed for estimating cut-off values.
The mean age was 72 years (s.d. 9) and 68% were females. In the control group, IMT was 0.23 mm (s.d. 0.04), 0.19 mm (s.d. 0.03), 0.20 mm (s.d. 0.03), 0.24 mm (s.d. 0.05) and 0.59 mm (s.d. 0.10) for the common superficial temporal arteries, the frontal and parietal branches, the facial arteries and the axillary arteries, respectively. In vasculitic segments of GCA patients, IMT was 0.65 mm (s.d. 0.18), 0.54 mm (s.d. 0.18), 0.50 mm (s.d. 0.17), 0.53 mm (s.d. 0.16) and 1.7 mm (s.d. 0.41), respectively. Cut-off values are 0.42, 0.34, 0.29, 0.37 and 1.0 mm, respectively, with 100% sensitivities and specificities for common superficial temporal arteries, for frontal branches and for axillary arteries and sensitivities of 97.2 and 87.5% and specificities of 98.7 and 98.8% for parietal branches and facial arteries, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient was between 0.87 and 0.98.
IMT measurement can correctly distinguish vasculitic from normal arteries in suspected GCA.
The self-control model of depression suggests depressive symptoms to derive from distorted self-monitoring, dysfunctional self-evaluation and reduced self-reward as well as increased self-punishment. ...Building on this model a relationship between self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour, that is, harmful inactivity, and depression has been assumed. This association has been supported by a recent study in an inpatient sample. However, it remains unclear if patients with depressive disorders report more self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour than patients without depressive disorders and if self-directed passive aggression mediates the associations between distorted self-monitoring and dysfunctional self-evaluation with depressive symptoms.
Study 1 compared self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour levels between 220 psychotherapy outpatients with (n = 140; 67.9% female; M
= 40.0) and without (n = 80; 65.0% female; M
= 36.2) depressive disorders. Diagnoses were made based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Study 2 examined self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour as a mediator of the relationship between distorted self-monitoring and dysfunctional self-evaluation and self-reported depressive symptoms in 200 undergraduate Psychology students.
Compared to outpatients without depressive disorders, outpatients with depressive disorder reported significantly more self-directed passive aggression (d = 0.51). Furthermore, Study 2 verified self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour as a partial mediator of the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes (ab
= .22, 95%-CI: .14, .31), attributional style (ab
= .20, 95%-CI: .13, .27), ruminative response style (ab
= .15, 95%-CI: .09, .21) and depressive symptoms.
Self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour partially mediates the association between distorted self-monitoring and dysfunctional self-evaluation with depressive symptoms. Future longitudinal studies need to examine a potential causal relationship that would form a base to include interventions targeting self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour in prevention and treatment of depression.
Both studies were preregistered at the German Clinical Trials Register ( DRKS00014005 and DRKS00019020 ).
Context.
Solar surface magneto-convection appears as granulation pattern that impacts spectral lines in terms of both shape and wavelength. Such induced effects also tend to vary over the observed ...solar disc because of the changing observation angle and, thus, the changing observation height as well. Centre-to-limb observations of the resolved Sun offer an insight into the variable spectral behaviour across different heliocentric observing positions, providing crucial information about limb darkening, convective velocities, and line profile variability relevant to radial velocity (RV) calculations. Thus, RV measurements and exoplanet transit spectroscopy depend on precise reference templates.
Aims.
We want to provide a spectroscopic centre-to-limb solar atlas at high spectral resolution and high-frequency accuracy. The atlas shall help improve the understanding of the solar atmosphere and convection processes.
Methods.
We performed high-resolution observations of the resolved quiet Sun with a Fourier transform spectrograph at the Institut für Astrophysik und Geophysik in Göttingen. Our dataset contains a wavelength range from 4200 Å to 8000 Å. We obtained 165 spectra in total, with a spectral resolution of Δ
ν
= 0.024 cm
−1
, corresponding to a resolving power
R
of 700 000 at ∼6000 Å.
Results.
We present a centre-to-limb solar atlas containing 14 heliocentric positions. To check for consistency, we investigated the Fe
I
6175 Å absorption line and compared our line profiles with previous centre-to-limb observations and also with simulations. The line profile and also the bisector profiles are generally consistent with previous observations, but we have identified differences to model line profiles, especially close to the solar limb.
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