Dark Energy Versus Modified Gravity Joyce, Austin; Lombriser, Lucas; Schmidt, Fabian
Annual review of nuclear and particle science,
10/2016, Letnik:
66, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Understanding the reason for the observed accelerated expansion of the Universe represents one of the fundamental open questions in physics. In cosmology, a classification has emerged among physical ...models for this acceleration, distinguishing between dark energy and modified gravity. In this review, we provide a brief overview of models in both categories as well as their phenomenology and characteristic observable signatures in cosmology. We also introduce a rigorous distinction between dark energy and modified gravity based on the strong and weak equivalence principles.
There is emerging consensus that Grit's two facets-perseverance of effort and consistency of interest-are best understood as facets of the Big Five dimension of Conscientiousness. However, an ...in-depth investigation on whether Grit's facet offer any added value over more established facets of Conscientiousness is absent from the literature. In the present study, we investigated whether Grit's facets are empirically distinguishable from three facets of Conscientiousness as conceived in the well-validated Big-Five Inventory 2 (BFI-2), namely, Organization, Responsibility, Productiveness. Moreover, we investigated whether Grit's facets show different (and possibly stronger) associations than the facets of Conscientiousness with a broad set of external criteria (age, educational attainment, monthly income, life satisfaction, mental and physical health, fluid and crystallized intelligence); as well as whether the criterion correlations of Grit's facets are incremental over Conscientiousness. Findings from two latent-variable models in a large and diverse sample (N = 1,244) indicated that the facets of Grit showed moderate to strong relationships related to each other and to the three Conscientiousness facets of the BFI-2 (.41 ≤ r ≤ .94). Grit-Perseverance was almost indistinguishable from the Productiveness facet of Conscientiousness, whereas Grit-Consistency appeared to capture something unique beyond the Conscientiousness facets. The relationships with external criteria of Grit's facets were similar in direction and size to those of the Conscientiousness facets. The results give further purchase to the view that Grit's facets can be subsumed under the Conscientiousness domain.
Objective
This study aims to explore the reciprocal associations between personality traits (conscientiousness and openness to experience) and academic achievement in adolescents, using the ...Personality Achievement Saturation Hypothesis (PASH).
Background
Personality traits, especially conscientiousness, and openness, have been identified as strong predictors of academic achievement. The PASH provides a framework for understanding these relationships but has mainly been studied from a unidirectional perspective. This study extends the PASH to examine reciprocal associations and how they vary with different achievement indicators.
Methods
Using large‐scale panel data (N = 6482) of secondary school students in Germany, we applied cross‐lagged panel models and latent change score models to examine the differential reciprocal associations between personality traits (conscientiousness/openness) and academic achievement (school grades/achievement test scores) in language and math over two years from grades 7 to 9.
Results
In line with the PASH, initial levels of conscientiousness were more strongly associated with school grades than with achievement test scores over two years. Simultaneously, prior school grades were more strongly associated with conscientiousness over two years. However, initial levels of openness did not show differential associations with either school grades or achievement test scores over two years. Similarly, prior school grades and achievement test scores were also not differentially associated with openness over two years.
Conclusions
Our findings introduce an innovative lens through which we observe how the PASH can be leveraged to explain the differential reciprocal associations between conscientiousness and academic achievement. Further research is needed to examine if PASH could be similarly extended to disentangle the associations between openness and academic achievement.
Measuring Grit Schmidt, Fabian T. C.; Fleckenstein, Johanna; Retelsdorf, Jan ...
European journal of psychological assessment : official organ of the European Association of Psychological Assessment,
05/2019, Letnik:
35, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The construct grit originates from
positive psychology and describes an individual's tendency to
persistently pursue long-term goals despite challenges or obstacles. Previous
research has shown that ...domain-general grit is a predictor of educational and
vocational success. The present research aimed to establish and validate a
German version of the Short Grit Scale by Duckworth and Quinn (2009), named the BISS-8
(Beharrlichkeit and Beständiges
Interesse) Scale, and to test for the
domain specificity of grit in an educational context. We conducted three studies
to investigate the BISS-8 Scale: in Study 1
(N = 525 university students) confirmatory factor
analyses (CFAs) replicated a two-dimensional higher-order structure for the
scale. Study 2 (N = 173 university students)
investigated the correlations of grit with external criteria such as grade point
average (GPA), generalized self-efficacy, general academic self-concept, and
personality traits. Finally, in Study 3 (N = 271
high school students), we found differential correlations with school
achievement for domain-specific grit. Moreover, the validity of the BISS-8 Scale
was also supported for adolescents by replicating the measurement model. All in
all, our results indicate the validity of the BISS-8 Scale and show the
importance to account for grit in different domains.
The constructs grit and conscientiousness are closely connected. However, this relationship has not been analysed while accounting for the complex structure of conscientiousness and the multifaceted ...conception of grit (perseverance of effort; consistency of interest). In this study, we analysed the connection while considering the hierarchical structure of conscientiousness, differentiating between a superordinate factor, a first‐level common factor (industriousness), and lower level unique factors. Drawing on two samples (N = 413, Mage = 15.29, and N = 530, Mage = 31.75), we applied an extension procedure for confirmatory factor analysis that enables a simultaneous investigation of the relationships on all levels. The perseverance facet of grit was tightly aligned to the common factors (95% shared variance) and was strongly related to the industriousness factor. Consistency shared less variance with the common factors of conscientiousness (53%), but it was additionally correlated with the self‐discipline facet. The results for the global grit scale were most similar to the results for perseverance. Grit appears to be a construct that combines the superordinate and industrious aspects of conscientiousness and shares the unique aspect of the self‐discipline facet; this suggests that grit and its facets can be fully integrated into the hierarchical structure of conscientiousness.
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