A scalable
-selective synthesis of 2,3,4,5-tetrasubstituted pyrrolidines via cycloaddition of nitroalkenes and azomethine ylides is reported using a P,N-type ferrocenyl ligand and Cu(OTf)
·C
H
. The ...robust method is tolerant of a wide range of functionalities, including rarely reported quaternary nitroalkene substitution and heteroaromatic and hindered
-substituted arenes on the azomethine ylide. Subsequent transformations highlight the utility of the method in the synthesis of densely functionalized small molecules suitable for fragment-based drug discovery and the cystic fibrosis C2-corrector clinical candidate ABBV-3221.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects multiple tissues and organs. CF is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, resulting in insufficient or impaired cystic fibrosis transmembrane ...conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 of the protein (F508del-CFTR) is the most common mutation observed in CF patients. The most effective treatments of these patients employ two CFTR modulator classes, correctors and potentiators. CFTR correctors increase protein levels at the cell surface; CFTR potentiators enable the functional opening of CFTR channels at the cell surface. Triple-combination therapies utilize two distinct corrector molecules (C1 and C2) to further improve the overall efficacy. We identified the need to develop a C2 corrector series that had the potential to be used in conjunction with our existing C1 corrector series and provide robust clinical efficacy for CF patients. The identification of a pyrrolidine series of CFTR C2 correctors and the structure–activity relationship of this series is described. This work resulted in the discovery and selection of (2S,3R,4S,5S)-3-(tert-butyl)-4-((2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-1-((S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carbonyl)-5-(o-tolyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (ABBV/GLPG-3221), which was advanced to clinical trials.
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease resulting from mutations on both copies of the CFTR gene. Phenylalanine deletion at position 508 of the CFTR protein ...(F508del-CFTR) is the most frequent mutation in CF patients. Currently, the most effective treatments of CF use a dual or triple combination of CFTR correctors and potentiators. In triple therapy, two correctors (C1 and C2) and a potentiator are employed. Herein, we describe the identification and exploration of the SAR of a series of 4-aminopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid C2 correctors of CFTR to be used in conjunction with our existing C1 corrector series for the treatment of CF.
Voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels play an important role in nociceptive transmission. There is significant evidence supporting a role for N-, T- and P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels in chronic pain. Here, we ...report that A-1264087, a structurally novel state-dependent blocker, inhibits each of these human Ca(2+) channels with similar potency (IC50 = 1-2 μM). A-1264087 was also shown to inhibit the release of the pronociceptive calcitonin gene-related peptide from rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Oral administration of A-1264087 produces robust antinociceptive efficacy in monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic, complete Freund adjuvant-induced inflammatory, and chronic constrictive injury of sciatic nerve-induced, neuropathic pain models with ED50 values of 3.0, 5.7, and 7.8 mg/kg (95% confidence interval = 2.2-3.5, 3.7-10, and 5.5-12.8 mg/kg), respectively. Further analysis revealed that A-1264087 also suppressed nociceptive-induced p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, which are biochemical markers of engagement of pain circuitry in chronic pain states. Additionally, A-1264087 inhibited both spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity in the spinal cord dorsal horn in complete Freund adjuvant-inflamed rats, providing a neurophysiological basis for the observed antihyperalgesia. A-1264087 produced no alteration of body temperature or motor coordination and no learning impairment at therapeutic plasma concentrations.
The present results demonstrate that the neuronal Ca(2+) channel blocker A-1264087 exhibits broad-spectrum efficacy through engagement of nociceptive signaling pathways in preclinical pain models in the absence of effects on psychomotor and cognitive function.
Substituted 3-amino-2-hydroxyamides and related hydroxyamides and acylhydrazines were identified as inhibitors of human methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2). Examination of substituents through ...parallel synthesis and iterative structure-based design allowed the identification of potent inhibitors with good selectivity against MetAP1. Diacylhydrazine 3t (A-357300) was identified as an analogue displaying inhibition of methionine processing and cellular proliferation in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC).
As part of a fully integrated and comprehensive strategy to discover novel antibacterial agents, NMR‐ and mass spectrometry‐based affinity selection screens were performed to identify compounds that ...bind to protein targets uniquely found in bacteria and encoded by genes essential for microbial viability. A biphenyl acid lead series emerged from an NMR‐based screen with the Haemophilus influenzae protein HI0065, a member of a family of probable ATP‐binding proteins found exclusively in eubacteria. The structure–activity relationships developed around the NMR‐derived biphenyl acid lead were consistent with on‐target antibacterial activity as the Staphylococcus aureus antibacterial activity of the series correlated extremely well with binding affinity to HI0065, while the correlation of binding affinity with B‐cell cytotoxicity was relatively poor. Although further studies are needed to conclusively establish the mode of action of the biphenyl series, these compounds represent novel leads that can serve as the basis for the development of novel antibacterial agents that appear to work via an unprecedented mechanism of action. Overall, these results support the genomics‐driven hypothesis that targeting bacterial essential gene products that are not present in eukaryotic cells can identify novel antibacterial agents.
Structure−activity studies were performed on the α1A-adrenoceptor (AR) selective agonist N-5-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenylmethanesulfonamide (4). Compounds were evaluated for ...binding activity at the α1A, α1b, α1d, α2a, and α2B subtypes. Functional activity in tissues containing the α1A (rabbit urethra), α1B (rat spleen), α1D (rat aorta), and α2A (rat prostatic vas deferens) was also evaluated. A dog in vivo model simultaneously measuring intraurethral pressure (IUP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was used to assess the uroselectivity of the compounds. Many of the compounds that were highly selective in vitro for the α1A-AR subtype were also more uroselective in vivo for increasing IUP over MAP than the nonselective α1-agonists phenylpropanolamine (PPA) (1) and ST-1059 (2, the active metabolite of midodrine), supporting the hypothesis that greater α1A selectivity would reduce cardiovascular side effects. However, the data also support a prominent role of the α1A-AR subtype in the control of MAP.
Structure-activity studies were performed on the alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor (AR) selective agonist N-5-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenylmethanesulfonamide (4). Compounds were evaluated ...for binding activity at the alpha(1A), alpha(1b), alpha(1d), alpha(2a), and alpha(2B) subtypes. Functional activity in tissues containing the alpha(1A) (rabbit urethra), alpha(1B) (rat spleen), alpha(1D) (rat aorta), and alpha(2A) (rat prostatic vas deferens) was also evaluated. A dog in vivo model simultaneously measuring intraurethral pressure (IUP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was used to assess the uroselectivity of the compounds. Many of the compounds that were highly selective in vitro for the alpha(1A)-AR subtype were also more uroselective in vivo for increasing IUP over MAP than the nonselective alpha(1)-agonists phenylpropanolamine (PPA) (1) and ST-1059 (2, the active metabolite of midodrine), supporting the hypothesis that greater alpha(1A) selectivity would reduce cardiovascular side effects. However, the data also support a prominent role of the alpha(1A)-AR subtype in the control of MAP.
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