Pelvic floor failure is a common disorder that can seriously jeopardize a woman's quality of life by causing urinary and fecal incontinence, difficult defecation, and pelvic pain. Multiple congenital ...and acquired risk factors are associated with pelvic floor failure, including altered collagen metabolism, female sex, vaginal delivery, menopause, and advanced age. A complex variety of fascial and muscular lesions that range from stretching, insertion detachment, denervation atrophy, and combinations of pelvic floor relaxation to pelvic organ prolapse may manifest in a single patient. Thorough preoperative assessment of pelvic floor failure is necessary to reduce the rate of relapse, which is reported to be as high as 30%. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the pelvic floor is a two-step process that includes analysis of anatomic damage on axial fast spin-echo (FSE) T2-weighted images and functional evaluation using sagittal dynamic single-shot T2-weighted sequences during straining and defecation. This article presents high-resolution FSE T2-weighted MR images that permit detailed assessment of anatomic lesions and briefly describes pelvic floor pathophysiology, associated clinical symptoms, and patterns of dysfunction seen with dynamic MR imaging sequences. MR imaging is a powerful tool that enables radiologists to comprehensively evaluate pelvic anatomic and functional abnormalities, thus helping surgeons provide appropriate treatment and avoid repeat operations.
The aim of the present work is to develop nanoemulsions (NEs), nanosized emulsions, manufactured for improving the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. In particular, nanoemulsions composed ...of Neem seed oil, contain rich bioactive components, and Tween 20 as nonionic surfactant were prepared. A mean droplet size ranging from 10 to 100 nm was obtained by modulating the oil/surfactant ratio. Physicochemical characterisation was carried out evaluating size, ζ-potential, microviscosity, polarity and turbidity of the external shell and morphology, along with stability in simulated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), activity of Neem oil alone and in NEs, HEp-2 cell interaction and cytotoxicity studies. This study confirms the formation of NEs by Tween 20 and Neem oil at different weight ratios with small and homogenous dimensions. The antioxidant activity of Neem oil alone and in NEs was comparable, whereas its cytotoxicity was strongly reduced when loaded in NEs after interaction with HEp-2 cells.
The reaction between configurably stable α-lithiated oxiranes and 3-substituted cyclobutanones allows obtaining enantiomerically enriched cyclobutanols (er > 98 : 2). These adducts, subjected to ...base-mediated Payne rearrangement, lead to the synthesis of a new class of oxaspirohexanes, useful precursors of 2,4-disubstituted cyclopentanones.
Enantiomerically enriched oxaspiro- and azaspirohexanes were synthesized through a two-step addition of configurably stable Li-styrene oxide (or aziridine) to 3-substituted cyclobutanones and base-mediated Payne rearrangement sequence with high yields and selectivity.
A variety of enantiomerically enriched tetrahydrofuran spirocyclic derivatives have been synthesised by a sequential enantioselective proline‐induced stereospecific resolution through aldol reaction ...of (E/Z)‐(phenylsulfanyl)cycloalkanecarbaldehydes followed by a ketone reduction, acid‐catalysed 1,2‐SPh stereospecific migration, and ring‐closure reaction.
(E/Z)‐(Phenylsulfanyl)cycloalkanecarbaldehydes have been stereospecifically resolved through an enantioselective (S)‐proline aldol reaction with ketones. (Z)‐Aldehydes furnished the corresponding aldol adducts in good yields and excellent er (98:2 to >99:1). Further reduction of the aldol adducts and treatment with TsOH furnished enantiomerically enriched spirocyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives.
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