Urgency is a complaint of sudden, compelling desire to pass urine, which is difficult to defer, caused by involuntary contraction of the detrusor muscle during the bladder-filling stage. To enable ...detrusor inhibition, electrotherapy resources such as transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS) and parasacral transcutaneous electrical stimulation (PTES) have been used. The objective this study is to publish the study protocol that aims to investigate whether urgency decreases after treatment with both of the techniques.
This randomized controlled clinical trial will include 99 women, aged more than 18 years old, with urgency (score ≥ 8 in the Overactive Bladder-Validated 8-Question Awareness Tool OAB-V8). Women will be randomly allocated into three groups: TTNS, PTES, and placebo. The following questionnaires will be applied: the Anamnesis Record, the Incontinence Questionnaire Overactive Bladder, the King's Health Questionnaire, the 24-Hour Voiding Diary, and the OAB-V8, at four different time points: at baseline prior to the first session, at the 6th session, the 12th session and at follow-up. The current used for the transcutaneous electrical stimulation will be a symmetrical balanced biphasic pulsed current, for 12 sessions, twice a week, for 20 minutes. Qualitative variables will be displayed as frequency and percentage, quantitative variables as mean and standard deviation. Comparison of urgency severity among groups will be performed with a repeated measures ANOVA, considering the effect of the three groups and the four evaluations, and interactions among them.
The present study aims to contribute evidence for a more in-depth discussion on electrode positioning for electrostimulation used in urgency treatment. It should be emphasized that, based on the possibility of confirming the hypothesis that urgency will decrease in a similar way after both treatments (TTNS and PTES), the PTES will be used as an option for positioning the electrodes alternatively to the tibial nerve region in special populations, such as amputees or people with severe lower limb sensory impairment.
Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) ID: RBR-9rf33n, date of registration: 17 May 2018.
This study explored the role of the hydrological regime as a trigger factor for wildlife roadkill along a 22 km road crossing the Taim Wetland, a Ramsar site of international importance in South ...Brazil. The north–south crossing of BR-471, a federal highway, causes fatalities to numerous animals due to collisions with vehicles. An 11-year long-term time series study encompassing monthly roadkill incidents, water level, and rainfall was analyzed by considering three different periods related to a Wildlife Protection System (WPS): (i) 3 initial years before the WPS implementation (BWPS); (ii) 4 intermediate years after the WPS implementation (AWPS), which includes fences, fauna tunnels, cattle guard stocks, bumps, and speed control; (iii) 4 final years during partial destruction of the WPS (PDWPS). A pseudo-2D full hydrodynamic cell model was employed to fill missing water level data. The model had a good to very good performance (NSE: 0.73 to 0.87; R2: 0.79 to 0.90). The relationship between roadkill incidents and the WPS periods (BWPS, AWPS, and PDWPS) was modeled using Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS), considering rainfall and water level as predictor variables. The analysis revealed a higher incidence of wildlife roadkill in BWPS compared to AWPS and PDWPS, suggesting the effectiveness of the implemented measures. Critical season and interplay between water levels, rainfall, and the roadkill were assessed. Mammals was the most common roadkill class identified (~92%), followed by reptiles (13%) and birds (2%), with no change in these percentual in the BWPS, AWPS, and PDWPS. Among mammals, capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) and coypu (Myocastor coypu) were the most frequent victims (~93% of mammals). Winter, followed by autumn, recorded the highest number of roadkill incidents (>60%), and this pattern remained consistent during the three periods. While rainfall did not emerge as a determining variable for roadkill, water levels above certain thresholds (>3.3 m) drastically diminished the effectiveness of the WPS, mainly due to fauna tunnel submersion. These findings offer valuable insights for enhancing wildlife conservation strategies in this protected area by incorporating hydrological information providing a baseline for designing WPS in similar environments.
ABSTRACT The assessment of spatial variability of environmental variables such as soil properties is important for site-specific management. A geostatistical index that allows quantifying and ...characterizing the structure of spatial variability is fundamental in this context. Thus, this study aimed to develop a new spatial dependency index, called the Spatial Dependence Measure (SDM) for the spherical, exponential, Gaussian, cubic, pentaspherical, and wave semivariogram models; and comparing it with some of the indexes available in the literature. The SDM is also dimensionless, in the same way as the Spatial Dependence Index (SDI), also considering more parameters of the semivariogram, when compared to the Spatial Dependence Degree (SPD) and Relative Nugget Effect (NE) indexes. In a simulation data study, it is observed that the SDI and SDM indexes showed an advantage over the SPD (or NE). To exemplify the application of the SDM in the proposal for the classification of soil properties, we used estimates of geostatistical parameters presented in the two studies. The results indicate that the SDM can be a measure that, analyzed together with the SDI, can help to improve the description of the spatial variability structure. Thus, this study expands the number of geostatisitcal-based measures and increases the power of decision on the description of the degree of spatial variability of agricultural and soil attributes.
In geostatistical studies, spatial dependence can generally be described by means of the semivariogram or, in complementary form, with a single index followed by its categorization to classify the ...degree of such dependence. The objective of this study was to construct a categorization for the spatial dependence index (SDI) proposed by Seidel and Oliveira (2014) in order to classify spatial variability in terms of weak, moderate, and strong dependence. Theoretical values were constructed from different degrees of spatial dependence, which served as a basis for calculation of the SDI. In view of the form of distribution and SDI descriptive measures, we developed a categorization for posterior classification of spatial dependence, specific to each semivariogram model. The SDI categorization was based on its median and 3rd quartile, allowing us to classify spatial dependence as weak, moderate, or strong. We established that for the spherical semivariogram: SDISpherical (%) ≤ 7 % (weak spatial dependence), 7 % < SDISpherical (%) ≤ 15 % (moderate spatial dependence), and SDISpherical (%) > 15 % (strong spatial dependence); for the exponential semivariogram: SDIExponential (%) ≤ 6 % (weak spatial dependence), 6 % < SDIExponential (%) ≤ 13 % (moderate spatial dependence), SDIExponential (%) > 13 % (strong spatial dependence); and for the Gaussian semivariogram: SDIGaussian (%) ≤ 9 % (weak spatial dependence), 9 % < SDIGaussian (%) ≤ 20 % (moderate spatial dependence), and SDIGaussian (%) > 20 % (strong spatial dependence). The proposed categorization allows the user to transform the numerical values calculated for SDI into categories of variability of spatial dependence, with adequate power for explanation and comparison.
Trichogramma pretiosum is one of the main egg parasitoids used in the control of lepidopteran pests in Brazil. This natural enemy can be negatively affected by the use of insecticides, herbicides, ...and fungicides. The present work used a systematic review and meta-analysis to group information from multiple studies on the selectivity of pesticides (279 commercial products) in rice, corn, soybean, apple and peach crops for immature stages (egg-larva, pre-pupa, and pupa) and adult parasitoids. The selected studies used the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC) methodology with the same adaptations for T. pretiosum. The meta-analysis found that corn crops had the highest frequency of tests (2 0 7). The most frequently tested active ingredients (a.i.) were glyphosate, glyphosate isopropylamine salt, and sulfur at frequencies of 41, 32 and 24 tests, respectively. The pesticides registered for rice crops showed the greatest sublethal effects on T. pretiosum, with an approximately 47% reduction in parasitism (RP) or emergence (RE). The adult stage of the parasitoid showed greater sensitivity to the tested pesticides (65% RP), in comparison to the immature stages. In general, insecticides showed superior toxicity for all development stages of T. pretiosum, compared to herbicides and fungicides, regardless of the recommended dosage for the crop. The present study aggregates information related to selectivity for the four life stages of T. pretiosum, contributing significantly to the integration of biological control and chemical control in rice, corn, soybean, apple and peach crops in Brazil.
•Data summarized the selectivity of 279 pesticides to Trichogramma pretiosum.•Apple and peach had the high number of harmless pesticides.•Pesticides used in rice showed the greatest sublethal effects.•Adult stage showed greater sensitivity to pesticides compared to the immature stages.•Insecticides showed superior toxicity compared to herbicides and fungicides.
The mapping of rainfall is fundamental in the hydrological modeling process. In this sense, the importance of knowing the geographic and seasonal dynamics of average estimates of rainfall and ...associated uncertainties is evident. Thus, the present study aimed to predict the spatial and seasonal distribution of rainfall, with the estimation of related uncertainties, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Average rainfall varies over the months of the year. In January, February, June, July, August, and September it rains more north and northeast. In March, April, May, October, November, and December it rains more northwest and north. In general, it rains a lot in October and little rain in August. From a geographical point of view, it is possible to highlight that greater volumes of rain occur in the northern part of the state of RS. The uncertainties associated with rainfall estimates show divergent temporal dynamics, with the greatest uncertainties tending to occur in January, February, September, and October and that the smallest uncertainties are observed in June, July, and August.
Introduction and hypothesis
The purpose of the present study was to test the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the measurement of post-void residual bladder volume using ultrasound.
Methods
Two ...evaluators performed three measurements of the height, width, and length of the empty bladder using ultrasound. The voiding residual volume was calculated using the equation: volume = length × width × height × 0.52. Intraclass correlations (ICC) were calculated considering: ICC ≥ 0.75 excellent, 0.40 ≤ ICC < 0.75 satisfactory, and ICC <0.40 poor, with a significance level of 5% and analysis of confidence intervals (95% CI).
Results
Twenty women participated, with an average age of 27.95 ± 3.15 years. The inter-rater ICCs for height, width, and length were 0.96 (CI 0.89–0.98), 0.88 (CI 0.71–0.95), and 0.84 (CI0.60–0.94) respectively. For the intra-rater ICCs, the values were 0.97 (CI 0.95–0.99), 0.98 (CI 0.96–0.99), and 0.97 (CI 0.94–0.99) for evaluator 1 and 0.99 (CI 0.97–0.99), 0.97 (CI 0.94–0.99), and 0.95 (CI 0.90–0.98) for evaluator 2, for height, width, and length, respectively. The residual inter-test volume was 0.96 (CI 0.90–0.99) and the intra-test volume was 0.99 (CI 0.97–0.99). All analyses presented
p
< 0.0001.
Conclusions
The intra- and inter-rater reliability for both the post-void residual volume and measurement of the bladder dimensions showed excellent agreement.
This research was conducted to propose a classification of the coefficient of variation (CV%) in many categories of variables of production and carcass of beef cattle experiments. The data was ...collected from theses and dissertations. We used the methods of classification considering mean and standard deviation, and considering median and pseudo-sigma. The two methods showed similar results so both can be used to classify CV%. We propose only three categories to rank CV%: low, medium and high.
RESUMO: Neste trabalho propõe-se a classificação do coeficiente de variação (CV%) para diversas categorias de variáveis de produção e carcaça de experimentos com gado de corte. Os dados foram coletados de teses e dissertações. Foram empregados métodos de classificação considerando média e desvio padrão, e considerando mediana e pseudo-sigma. Os dois métodos mostraram resultados similares e ambos podem ser utilizados para classificar o CV%. Propõe-se, também, a classificação do CV% em apenas três categorias: baixo, médio e alto.
Plant resistance is a key strategy for the management of Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), an important pest in South American rice paddies. The present study investigated ...the resistance of rice cultivars in terms of feeding and oviposition preference, growth, development, and biological performance of O. oryzae under natural conditions of field infestation during two consecutive rice seasons. There were no effects of the six cultivars on the feeding and oviposition preferences of O. oryzae as evaluated 5, 8, and 11 d After Flooding (DAF) of the plots, indicating the absence of antixenosis. Cultivars did not differ in terms of egg viability and larval density of first instars on the roots at 15 DAF. Significant differences were found 25 and 35 DAF when larval density per sample was high on ‘BRS Pampa CL' (up to 24.5), intermediate on ‘BRS Querência' and ‘BRS Ligeirinho' (up to 16.1), and low on ‘BRS Atalanta', ‘BRS Firmeza’, and ‘Dawn’ (up to 8.8). The cultivars ‘BRS Atalanta’, ‘BRS Firmeza’, and ‘Dawn’ caused malnutrition and inhibition of larval growth. These effects, typical of antibiosis, resulted in delayed pupation and emergence of adults; in addition, emerged females had body weight decreased strongly. The cultivars BRS Pampa CL, BRS Querência, and BRS Ligeirinho are susceptible, resulting in high larval populations and more suitable development of O. oryzae; antibiosis, as indicated for ‘BRS Atalanta’, ‘BRS Firmeza’, and ‘Dawn’, probably is the key mechanism of rice resistance to O. oryzae. Graphical Abstract
Telenomus podisi
Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) is an important agent for the biological control of stink bug eggs in irrigated rice areas and the best strategy for its preservation is the use ...of selective pesticides. The aim of this study was to know the side-effects of pesticides used in Brazilian irrigated rice areas on egg parasitoid
T. podisi
. We evaluated, under laboratory conditions, 13 insecticides, 11 fungicides, 11 herbicides, and a control (distilled water) in choice and no-choice tests. In the no-choice tests, the pesticides were sprayed at pre and post-parasitism stages (egg and larval stages of
T. podisi
). In the choice tests, sprays were conducted only at pre-parasitism stages. For all tests, we prepared cards with 25 eggs of the alternative host
Euschistus heros
(Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) non-parasitized (pre-parasitism) and parasitized (post-parasitism), which were subjected to pesticide sprays. The parasitism and emergence rates of
T. podisi
were determined classifying the pesticides in terms of the reduction of parasitism or emergence rates compared to the control. The neurotoxic insecticide cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, zeta-cypermethrin, etofenprox, thiamethoxam, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, acetamiprid + alpha-cypermethrin, and bifenthrin + alpha-cypermethrin + carbosulfan were more harmful to
T. podisi
and, therefore, are less suitable for the integrated management of insect pests in irrigated rice areas.
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