Erythropoietin is a cytokine that binds to the Erythropoietin receptor and regulates the formation of erythroid cells during erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. However, many other organs and tissues ...express Erythropoietin and its receptor, such as the Nervous System, which principally regulates tissue protection. In the Central Nervous System, Erythropoietin is principally expressed by astrocytes, while neurons mainly express Erythropoietin receptors. Moreover, Erythropoietin acts as a pleiotropic molecule with neuroprotective effects, and its mechanisms of signal transduction pathways are defined, and there is a growing interest in its therapeutic potential. This review focuses on the role of Erythropoietin and its relationship with HIF1, PI3/Akt, GSK3B, JAK/STAT, and MAPKs signaling pathways that leads to cell survival after injury in the Central Nervous System. Knowledge of these signaling systems comprehensively could better guide EPO treatment to restoring different SNC alterations mediated by different insults.
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experimental evidence has contributed important knowledge regarding the antiapoptotic effect mediated by EPO signaling in the damaged brain, particularly through different models with a hypoxic ...component. However, little emphasis has been placed on the effectiveness of rhEPO administration against cellular alterations caused by
excitotoxicity or on the molecular mechanism that regulates this effect. In this study, we investigated the effects of a single dose of rhEPO on hippocampal damage induced by subcutaneous application of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on postnatal days 1, 3, 5 and 7 in neonatal rats. We found that a dose of 1000 IU/kg of b.w. administered 24 h after MSG had the greatest protective effect. In addition, we analyzed changes in gene expression, particularly in 3 key molecules involved in EPO-mediated signaling (EPO, EPOR and βcR). We observed that the expression of EPO and EPOR was differentially modified at both the mRNA and protein levels under the evaluated conditions, while the expression of the βcR gene was substantially increased. Our data suggest that a low dose of rhEPO is sufficient to induce cellular protection under these experimental conditions and that the molecular changes could be a positive feedback mechanism, mediated by reactive astrocytes in association with
neuroprotective mechanisms.
INTRODUCTIONRenal cell carcinoma can invade through the renal vein into the inferior vena cava, and can extend intraluminally, with tumor-thrombus formation. METHODSRetrospective study from January ...2003 to August 2016. Surgical outcomes were analyzed. Neves classification was used for patient categorization. Kaplan Meier and Log-Rank test were used for survival analysis. RESULTSA total of 134 patients were included, 69 males (51.4%) and 65 females (49%), M:F ratio 1.06:1. Tumor size, bleeding and surgical time were higher in level IV thrombi (mean 16.1cm, 3 064ml and 6.5hrs, respectively), compared to level I (8.5cm, 1033ml and 3.1hrs, respectively). A higher frequency of positive lymph nodes was observed in levels III and IV compared with levels I and II (49% vs. 17.7%, p=0.0001). Distant metastases were observed in 36 pts. (27%). Overall surgical mortality was 4.5%. 5-year overall survival was 63%. We observed a 5-year survival in patients with level I-II 82% and level III and IV 46%. CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest the benefit for the patient of an aggressive surgical approach with an acceptable mortality and 5-year survival rate. The results obtained justify an aggressive surgical approach to these tumors.
The assembly of fungal communities on stone materials is mainly influenced by the differential bioreceptivity of such materials and environmental conditions. However, little is known about the role ...of fungal interactions in the colonization and establishment of fungal species. We analyzed the effects of intra- and interspecific interactions between 11 species of fungi in oligotrophic and copiotrophic media and on limestone coupons. In a previous study, these species were the most frequently isolated in the epilithic biofilms of limestone walls exposed to a subtropical climate. In the culture media, we found a greater frequency of intra- and interspecific inhibitory effects in the oligotrophic medium than in the copiotrophic medium. On the limestone coupons, all fungi were able to establish; however, the colonization success rate varied significantly. Cladosporium cladosporioides had a less extensive colonization in isolation (control) than in dual interactions (coexistence) with other species. Phoma eupyrena exhibited the highest colonization success rate and competitive dominance among all tested species. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses revealed that Pestalotiopsis maculans and Paraconiothyrium sp. produced calcium oxalate crystals during their growth on coupon surfaces, both in isolation and in dual interactions. Our results demonstrate that interactions between abundant fungal species influence the fungal colonization on substrates, the biomineralization and the fungal community assemblage growing in limestone biofilms.
Avocado (Persea americana) and papaya (Carica papaya) are tropical fruits with high international demand. However, these commercially important crops are affected by the fungus Colletotrichum ...gloeosporioides, which causes anthracnose and results in significant economic losses. The antifungal activity of metal oxide nanomaterials (zinc oxide (ZnO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and ZnO:MgO and ZnO:Mg(OH)2 composites) prepared under different conditions of synthesis was evaluated against strains of C. gloeosporioides obtained from papaya and avocado. All nanoparticles (NPs) at the tested concentrations significantly inhibited the germination of conidia and caused structural damage to the fungal cells. According to the radial growth test, the fungal strain obtained from avocado was more susceptible to the NPs than the strain obtained from papaya. The effect of the tested NPs on the fungal strains confirmed that these NPs could be used as strong antifungal agents against C. gloeosporioides to control anthracnose in tropical fruits.
El daño esperado en las edificaciones por los sismos se puede determinar con la máxima distorsión de entrepiso (max) y depende del tipo de edificio y de las características del sismo. En esta ...investigación se presenta un nuevo índice del potencial del daño (IPDSaT1-IA-ΔIA) de los sismos, basado en su intensidad de Arias (IA), la duración significativa (ΔIA) y la aceleración espectral del periodo fundamental del edificio (SaT1). Además, se desarrollan ecuaciones predictivas para determinar la max en función del nuevo índice. Son usados dos edificios 2D, de 3 y 7 pisos y es considerada como zona de estudio la ciudad de Oaxaca, México. Se utilizaron 46 acelero-gramas de componentes horizontales de sismos reales. Para este conjunto de acelerogramas con base en una técnica de un ajuste espectral, se generaron acelerogramas con respuesta espectral compatible con el espectro de diseño de la norma sísmica mexicana para la ciudad estudiada. La respuesta sísmica de los edificios es obtenida mediante análisis dinámico no lineal incremen-tales. Los resultados muestran una buena correlación entre max con la SAT1e IA en los análisis con el conjunto de acelerogramas compatibles. El IPDSaT1-IA-ΔIA propuesto tiene una mejor correlación con la max que la SAT1 e IA para acelerogramas reales y compatibles en los dos edificios estudiados. Por lo cual puede ser una mejor alternativa para medir el potencial destructivo de una acción sísmica. Finalmente, las ecuaciones predictivas desarrolladas permiten relacionar correctamente el nuevo índice con el max para acciones sísmicas compatibles en edificios de acero.
Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) has been a model organism to understand direct and indirect defenses against herbivores. We investigated the identity and diversity of endophytic fungi associated with ...young, mature and old leaves of lima bean in its natural environment. We recovered 758 isolates that were identified and classified in 142 fungal species from 66 genera, with Curvularia, Fusarium, Phomopsis, Alternaria and Colletotrichum being the most abundant and diverse Ascomycota genera. Our data revealed that species richness and diversity increased with leaf age, this factor being also important for the structure of the endophytic community. The occurrence patterns of fungal species was highly heterogeneous among leaves, and only fourteen species were recovered from all three foliar ages investigated. In vitro dual assays between endophytes and the plant pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum revealed that most endophytes tested can inhibit the growth of this pathogen, suggesting their potential as biocontrol agents.
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