The SpHere INfrared Exoplanet (SHINE) project is a 500-star survey performed with SPHERE on the Very Large Telescope for the purpose of directly detecting new substellar companions and understanding ...their formation and early evolution. Here we present an initial statistical analysis for a subsample of 150 stars spanning spectral types from B to M that are representative of the full SHINE sample. Our goal is to constrain the frequency of substellar companions with masses between 1 and 75
M
Jup
and semimajor axes between 5 and 300 au. For this purpose, we adopt detection limits as a function of angular separation from the survey data for all stars converted into mass and projected orbital separation using the BEX-COND-hot evolutionary tracks and known distance to each system. Based on the results obtained for each star and on the 13 detections in the sample, we use a Markov chain Monte Carlo tool to compare our observations to two different types of models. The first is a parametric model based on observational constraints, and the second type are numerical models that combine advanced core accretion and gravitational instability planet population synthesis. Using the parametric model, we show that the frequencies of systems with at least one substellar companion are 23.0
−9.7
+13.5
, 5.8
−2.8
+4.7
, and 12.6
−7.1
+12.9
% for BA, FGK, and M stars, respectively. We also demonstrate that a planet-like formation pathway probably dominates the mass range from 1–75
M
Jup
for companions around BA stars, while for M dwarfs, brown dwarf binaries dominate detections. In contrast, a combination of binary star-like and planet-like formation is required to best fit the observations for FGK stars. Using our population model and restricting our sample to FGK stars, we derive a frequency of 5.7
−2.8
+3.8
%, consistent with predictions from the parametric model. More generally, the frequency values that we derive are in excellent agreement with values obtained in previous studies.
Context.
A large portion of stars is found to be part of binary or higher-order multiple systems. The ubiquity of planets found around single stars raises the question of whether and how planets in ...binary systems form. Protoplanetary disks are the birthplaces of planets, and characterizing them is crucial in order to understand the planet formation process.
Aims.
Our goal is to characterize the morphology of the GG Tau A disk, one of the largest and most massive circumbinary disks. We also aim to trace evidence for binary-disk interactions.
Methods.
We obtained observations in polarized scattered light of GG Tau A using the SPHERE/IRDIS instrument in the
H
-band filter. We analyzed the observed disk morphology and substructures. We ran 2D hydrodynamical models to simulate the evolution of the circumbinary ring over the lifetime of the disk.
Results.
The disk and also the cavity and the inner region are highly structured, with several shadowed regions, spiral structures, and streamer-like filaments. Some of these are detected here for the first time. The streamer-like filaments appear to connect the outer ring with the northern arc. Their azimuthal spacing suggests that they may be generated through periodic perturbations by the binary, which tear off material from the inner edge of the outer disk once during each orbit. By comparing observations to hydrodynamical simulations, we find that the main features, in particular, the gap size, but also the spiral and streamer filaments, can be qualitatively explained by the gravitational interactions of a binary with a semimajor axis of ~35 au on an orbit coplanar with the circumbinary ring.
Since July 2009, there has been a community outbreak of leishmaniasis in the south-west area of the Madrid autonomous community, Spain, affecting residents from four towns that are geographically ...close together and share extensive park areas. As of December 2012, 446 cases were reported (6 in 2009, 97 in 2010, 196 in 2011 and 147 in 2012), a mean incidence rate of 22.2 per 100,000 inhabitants during July 2009 and December 2012. The mean age was 44 years (range: 2 months to 95 years); 61.0% were male. A total of 68 (15.2%) had immunosuppressive conditions; 160 (35.9%) had visceral leishmaniasis and 286 (64.1%) cutaneous. A total of 421 (94.4%) cases were confirmed. Leishmania infantum was identified as the agent. Monitoring revealed high densities of the vector Phlebotomus perniciosus. The surveillance system for canine leishmaniasis did not detect any increase in prevalence during the period. Environmental control measures have been taken, such as improvements in sanitation and disinsection in the risk areas and control of the overpopulation of Leporidae, as xenodiagnosis studies have shown that hares play a role as active reservoirs. This is the largest reported community outbreak of leishmaniasis in Europe. The discovery of the new reservoir stands out in the multifactorial aetiology of the outbreak. Epidemiological research and environmental intervention measures are continuing.
Vaccination is one of the most important control tools to reduce Salmonella in poultry production. In order for a live vaccine to be licensed for field use it should be provided with the detection ...methods to differentiate it from field strains. This paper aims to describe the validation of an alternative method for the differentiation of the Salmonella 441/014 vaccine strain from field strains, using a chromogenic Media, ASAP from bioMérieux. The ASAP-based differentiation method was compared with already authorized methods, namely the Anicon SE Kylt PCR DIVA 1 assay and Ceva S-Check Salmonella differentiation kit, following the ISO 16140-6:2019 validation method guidelines. A Generalised Linear Model was fitted to the data to determine the inclusivity and exclusivity of differentiation methods (PCR Kylt vs. S-Check vs. ASAPTM). Statistical differences were based on a P-value level of < 0.05 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). In this study, we show that the ASAP media was able to differentiate Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine strains from field strains, obtaining 100% agreement between the three differentiation assays. This differentiation approach is quicker, easier to deploy and cheaper as compared to alternative methods.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important threat to public health worldwide. Furthermore, different studies have demonstrated a close association between antibiotic use in animal production and ...AMR in humans. It is well known that it is necessary to reduce antibiotic administration in farms by finding effective alternative treatments, using more resistant breeds and improving animal welfare. However, to be able to assess the alternatives proposed, it is essential to study the epidemiology of AMR under production conditions. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the AMR dynamic in 2 genetic poultry breeds during the growing period. The study was performed in 2 experimental poultry houses to simulate real production conditions, and no antibiotics were administered during the growing period. In addition, 2 poultry breeds were used, fast-growing and slow-growing. To evaluate AMR evolution, Escherichia coli was selected as indicator bacterium. To this end, animals from each experimental group were sampled at different times: on day of arrival, at mid-period, and at slaughter day. In the laboratory, cecal content was removed and inoculated in selective media. Then, biochemical tests were performed to confirm E. coli. Finally, antibiotic susceptibility was assessed according to Decision 2013/653. At the onset of the cycle, significant differences were observed between breeds, as the E. coli strains isolated from fast-growing 1-day-old-chicks showed higher AMR rates. However, at the end of the period, no significant differences were found between breeds and their presence of resistant bacteria (above 95%). Therefore, although no antibiotics were administered during the growing period, a high level of AMR at slaughter day was demonstrated. Further studies are necessary to determine the main risk factors that increase the level of AMR throughout the productive cycle in broiler chickens. In conclusion, it is important to highlight that although it is crucial to control both antibiotic use and animal welfare during the growing period, measures should be taken at all levels of the production chain.
Chickens intensively selected for accelerating growth rate and enhanced muscle mass has resulted in the occurrence of breast alterations with a negative consumers perception. Together with the ...already known breast abnormalities (White Striping, Wooden Breast and Spaghetti Meat) a new one has been described by the consumers as a “long and thin worm”. For this reason, the aim of this work was to macroscopically and microscopically describe this structure in broiler breast. To this end, 2 different experiments were performed. In the first one, 4 broiler breasts from a supermarket were analysed. Thereafter, a second experiment was carried out on an experimental farm simulating field management conditions in order to confirm the results of the first experiment. To this end, 120 chickens were reared in an experimental farm up to 42 d. Breast samples were collected and analysed macroscopically and microscopically to assess the abnormality on the broiler breast. In both experiments, the results of the analysis showed the finding of tubular structures located on the surface of pectoralis major muscle compatible with arteries. So far, currently, this occurrence has not been described in the literature and we propose calling this new broiler breast feature as breast-vessel.
Aims.
We aim to better constrain the atmospheric properties of the directly imaged exoplanet 51 Eri b using a retrieval approach with data of higher signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) than previously ...reported. In this context, we also compare the results from an atmospheric retrieval to using a self-consistent model to fit atmospheric parameters.
Methods.
We applied the radiative transfer code petitRADTRANS to our near-infrared SPHERE observations of 51 Eri b in order to retrieve its atmospheric parameters. Additionally, we attempted to reproduce previous results with the retrieval approach and compared the results to self-consistent models using the best-fit parameters from the retrieval as priors.
Results.
We present a higher S/N
YH
spectrum of the planet and revised
K1K
2 photometry (
M
K
1
= 15.11 ± 0.04 mag,
M
K
2
= 17.11 ± 0.38 mag). The best-fit parameters obtained using an atmospheric retrieval differ from previous results using self-consistent models. In general, we find that our solutions tend towards cloud-free atmospheres (e.g. log
τ
clouds
= −5.20 ± 1.44). For our 'nominal' model with new data, we find a lower metallicity (Fe/H = 0.26 ± 0.30 dex) and C/O ratio (0.38 ± 0.09), and a slightly higher effective temperature (
T
eff
= 807 ± 45 K) than previous studies. The surface gravity (log
g
= 4.05 ± 0.37) is in agreement with the reported values in the literature within uncertainties. We estimate the mass of the planet to be between 2 and 4
M
Jup
. When comparing with self-consistent models, we encounter a known correlation between the presence of clouds and the shape of the
P
–
T
profiles.
Conclusions.
Our findings support the idea that results from atmospheric retrievals should not be discussed in isolation, but rather along with self-consistent temperature structures obtained using the best-fit parameters of the retrieval. This, along with observations at longer wavelengths, might help to better characterise the atmospheres and determine their degree of cloudiness.
Three optical telescopes located at the San Pedro Mártir National Observatory were used for the first time to obtain multifilter defocused photometry of the transiting extrasolar planets WASP-39b and ...WASP-43b. We observed WASP-39b with the 2.12 m telescope in the U filter for the first time, and additional observations were carried out in the R and I filters using the 0.84 m telescope. WASP-43b was observed in VRI with the same instrument, and in the i filter with the robotic 1.50 m telescope. We reduced the data using different pipelines and performed aperture photometry with the help of custom routines in order to obtain the light curves. The fit of the light curves (1.5-2.5 mmag rms), and of the period analysis, allowed a revision of the orbital and physical parameters, revealing for WASP-39b a period (4.0552947 ± 9.65 × 10-7 days) which is 3.084 ± 0.774 seconds larger than previously reported. Moreover, we find for WASP-43b a planet/star radius (0.1738 ± 0.0033) which is 0.01637 ± 0.00371 larger in the i filter with respect to previous works, and that should be confirmed with additional observations. Finally, we confirm no evidence of constant period variations in WASP-43b.
Context.
In recent years, protoplanetary disks with spiral structures have been detected in scattered light, millimeter continuum, and CO gas emission. The mechanisms causing these structures are ...still under debate. A popular scenario to drive the spiral arms is the one of a planet perturbing the material in the disk. However, if the disk is massive, gravitational instability isusually the favored explanation. Multiwavelength studies could be helpful to distinguish between the two scenarios. So far, only a handful of disks with spiral arms have been observed in both scattered light and millimeter continuum.
Aims.
We aim to perform an in-depth characterization of the protoplanetary disk morphology around WaOph 6 analyzing data obtained at different wavelengths, as well as to investigate the origin of the spiral features in the disk.
Methods.
We present the first near-infrared polarimetric observations of WaOph 6 obtained with SPHERE at the VLT and compare them to archival millimeter continuum ALMA observations. We traced the spiral features in both data sets and estimated the respective pitch angles. We discuss the different scenarios that can give rise to the spiral arms in WaOph 6. We tested the planetary perturber hypothesis by performing hydrodynamical and radiative transfer simulations to compare them with scattered light and millimeter continuum observations.
Results.
We confirm that the spiral structure is present in our polarized scattered light
H
-band observationsof WaOph 6, making it the youngest disk with spiral arms detected at these wavelengths. From the comparison to the millimeter ALMA-DSHARP observations, we confirm that the disk is flared. We explore the possibility of a massive planetary perturber driving the spiral arms by running hydrodynamical and radiative transfer simulations, and we find that a planet of minimum 10
M
Jup
outside of the observed spiral structure is able to drive spiral arms that resemble the ones in the observations. We derive detection limits from our SPHERE observations and get estimates of the planet’s contrast from different evolutionary models.
Conclusions.
Up to now, no spiral arms had been observed in scattered light in disks around K and/or M stars with ages <1 Myr. Future observations of WaOph 6 could allow us to test theoretical predictions for planet evolutionary models, as well as give us more insightinto the mechanisms driving the spiral arms.
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