Photovoltaic technology mainly uses beam, diffused, and reflected solar radiation to produce power. To increase the photovoltaic power output, the surface of the solar panel must be at the optimal ...tilt angle. In this paper, a numerical study is carried out to investigate the optimal tilt angle for a 1 MW PV system installed at Sukkur IBA University (latitude = 27.7268° N, longitude = 68.8191° E). Moreover, power output, efficiency, and fill factor are calculated for polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar panels. Results obtained at different tilt angles are used to compare the solar gain from photovoltaic modules installed at the university. In conclusion, an optimal tilt angle is decided for both polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar panels used at Sukkur IBA University. It was found that the optimal tilt angle for the installed 1 MW systems is 29.5 degrees.
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a swarm intelligence-based metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the natural behavior of birds flocking or fish schooling. The PSO's main advantages are its ease of ...implementation and a small number of fine-tuning parameters. However, the major drawbacks of an existing PSO are its premature convergence and the lack of a balance of exploration and exploitation searches in the search space. To address the aforementioned problems, a new concept known as a smart particle swarm optimization (SPSO) process is introduced and implemented. The smart particle that leads the swarm in the proposed concept has eidetic memory behavior. The smart particle mainly works under the principles of a convergence factor (CF) technique, which integrates the memorization of particles positions, comparison, and leader declaration for the best optimal solution. Additionally, CF uses a particle position vector instead of a particle fitness or mutation to increase the exploration capability in the search space. The TEAM Workshop Problem 22, a super conducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system; and some well-known benchmark optimization test functions are numerically solved to verify the efficacy of the proposed SPSO. The SPSO finds a better optimal solution than the other tested algorithms, particularly in the initial computational evaluation of the generation according to numerical experiments and case study analysis.
In this investigation the attention is given to a mathematical model of the non-Newtonian Casson liquid over an unsteady stretching sheet under the combined effects of different natural parameters ...with heat transfer in the presence of suction/injection phenomena. The movement of a laminar thin liquid film and associated heat transfer from a horizontal stretching surface is studied. Magnetic field is proposed perpendicular to the direction of flow, while surface tension is varied quadratically with temperature of the conducting fluid. Further, variable viscosity and thermal conductivity (linear function of temperature) of the flow are examined. The transformation allows to convert the boundary layer model to a system of nonlinear ODEs (ordinary differential equations). Analytical and numerical solutions of the resulting nonlinear ODEs are obtained by using HAM and BVP4C package. Thickness of the boundary layer is investigated by both methods for a classical selection of the unsteadiness parameter. A selection of the parameter ranges is studied for better solution of the problem. Present observation displays the joined effects of magnetic field, surface tension, suction/injection, and slippage at the boundary is to improve the thermal boundary layer thickness. Results for the heat flux (Nusselt number), skin friction coefficient, and free surface temperature are granted graphically and in a table form. Similarly, the effects of natural parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles are investigated.
This paper studies the unsteady magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) thin film flow of an incompressible Oldroyd-B fluid over an oscillating inclined belt making a certain angle with the horizontal. The ...problem is modeled in terms of non-linear partial differential equations with some physical initial and boundary conditions. This problem is solved for the exact analytic solutions using two efficient techniques namely the Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Method (OHAM) and Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM). Both of these solutions are presented graphically and compared. This comparison is also shown in tabular form. An excellent agreement is observed. The effects of various physical parameters on velocity have also been studied graphically.
The Poisson–Boltzmann equation is derived from the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium where the ionic distribution is not affected by fluid flow. Although this is a reasonable assumption for ...steady electroosmotic flow through straight micro-channels, there are some important cases where convective transport of ions has nontrivial effects. In these cases, it is necessary to adopt the Nernst–Planck equation instead of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation to model the internal electric field. The modeled system of equations is transformed by similarity transformation to derive the equations of flow field, electric potential, electrokinetic force, entropy generation, and energy equation. The Parametric Continuation Method (PCM) is used to solve the system of ordinary differential equations. It is concluded that decrease in the mass diffusion decreases the anion distribution from lower to upper plate. The Batchelor number decreases the strength of magnetic field. Entropy generation and the Bejan number are maximum near the two plates because of the maximum disorderness due to plate movements and have minimum value in the fluid’s center. Also the Eckert number increases viscous heating, which causes the entropy production in the vicinity of the two plates to increase.
The aim of this article is to investigate MHD Carreau fluid slip flow with viscous dissipation and heat transfer by taking the effect of thermal radiation over a stretching sheet embedded in a porous ...medium with variable thickness and variable thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity of the fluid is assumed to vary linearly with temperature. The constitutive equations of Carreau fluid are modeled in the form of partial differential equations (PDEs). Concerning boundary conditions available, the PDEs are converted to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by means of similarity transformation. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used for solution of the system of nonlinear problems. The effects of various parameters such as Weissenberg number
We
2
, magnetic parameter
M
2
, power law index
n
, porosity parameter
D
, wall thickness parameter
α
, power index parameter
m
, slip parameter
λ
, thermal conductivity parameter
ε
, radiation parameter
R
and Prandtl number on velocity and temperature profiles are analyzed and studied graphically.
This paper investigates the enhanced viscous behavior and heat transfer phenomenon of an unsteady two di-mensional, incompressible ionic-nano-liquid squeezing flow between two infinite parallel ...concentric cylinders. To analyze heat transfer ability, three different type nanoparticles such as Copper, Aluminum
(
A
l
2
O
2
)
, and Titanium oxide
(
Ti
O
2
)
of volume fraction ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 nm, are added to the ionic liquid in turns. The Brinkman model of viscosity and Maxwell-Garnets model of thermal conductivity for nano particles are adopted. Further, Heat source
Q
=
Q
0
1
−
β
t
, is applied between the concentric cylinders. The physical phenomenon is transformed into a system of partial differential equations by modified Navier-Stokes equation, Poisson equation, Nernst-Plank equation, and energy equation. The system of nonlinear partial differential equations, is converted to a system of coupled ordinary differential equations by opting suitable transformations. Solution of the system of coupled ordinary differential equations is carried out by parametric continuation (PC) and BVP4c matlab based numerical methods. Effects of squeeze number (S), volume fraction
(
ϕ
)
, Prandtle number (Pr), Schmidt number
(
S
c
)
, and heat source
(
H
s
)
on nano-ionicliquid flow, ions concentration distribution, heat transfer rate and other physical quantities of interest are tabulated, graphed, and discussed. It is found that
A
l
2
O
2
and Cu as nanosolid, show almost the same enhancement in heat transfer rate for Pr = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6.
The coatings of optical fibers are generally characterized by a multi-layer coating structure. In this work, the mathematical modeling of two immiscible non-Newtonian fluids for optical fiber coating ...inside a straight annular die is developed in the form of a nonlinear differential equation with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions. Two non-Newtonian fluids, namely power law and Phan-Thien–Tanner fluids, are used in the primary and secondary coating dies, respectively. An exact solution is obtained for velocity fields and temperature distributions for the primary and secondary coating resins. The thickness of coated fiber optics is also calculated for both layers. The effect of different emerging parameters on the solution is discussed and sketched.
The constitutive expressions of unsteady Newtonian fluid are employed in the mathematical formulation to model the flow between the circular space of porous and contracting discs. The flow behavior ...is investigated for magnetic field-dependent (MFD) viscosity and heat/mass transfers under the influence of a variable magnetic field. The equation for conservation of mass, modified Navier–Stokes, Maxwell, advection diffusion and transport equations are coupled as a system of ordinary differential equations. The expressions for torques and magnetohydrodynamic pressure gradient equation are derived. The MFD viscosity
ϑ
, magnetic Reynolds number
ℵ
e
m
, squeezing Reynolds number
ℵ
b
, rotational Reynolds number
ℵ
a
, magnetic field components
ℵ
c
,
ℵ
d
, pressure
F
pres
and the torques
ϱ
′
0
,
ϱ
1
which the fluid exerts on discs are discussed through numerical results and graphical aids. It is concluded that magnetic Reynolds number causes an increase in magnetic field distributions and decrease in tangential velocity of flow field, also the fluid temperature is decreasing with increase in magnetic Reynolds number. The azimuthal and axial components of magnetic field have opposite behavior with increase in MFD viscosity.
The aim of this article is to provide an analytical and numerical investigation to the viscous fluid flow, heat and mass transfer under the influence of a variable magnetic field. The governing ...system of partial differential equations are transformed by means of similarity transformations to a system of ordinary differential equations which are solved by Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) and BVP4c. The effects of involved physical parameters are illustrated for the velocity components, magnetic field components, heat and mass transfers. Authentification of HAM results for various involved physical parameters are supported by comparison with numerical results obtained by BVP4c. It is observed that increasing distance between discs increase pressure on lower disc and torque on upper disc. It is also observed that increase in axial component of magnetic field increase fluid's axial velocity and increase in magnetic Reynold's number decrease magnetic flux it lower disc. Heat flux from lower to upper disc is increased by increase in Dufour number.
PDF
