Previous studies of the lower eudicot model Aquilegia have revealed differential expression patterns of two APETALA3 (AP3) paralogs that appear to coincide with the development of a distinct fifth ...floral organ type, the staminodium. The AqAP3-1 locus quickly becomes limited to the staminodia while AqAP3-2 becomes stamen-specific.
We used transient RNAi-based methods to silence each of these loci individually and in combination, followed by detailed studies of the resultant morphologies and the effects on gene expression patterns.
Silencing of AqAP3-1 had a strong effect on the staminodia, causing transformation into carpeloid organs, while silencing of AqAP3-2 only affected the stamens, resulting in sterility, stunting or weak transformation towards carpel identity. Much more dramatic phenotypes were obtained in the doubly silenced flowers, where all stamens and staminodia were transformed into carpels. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses of B gene homolog expression in these flowers are consistent with complex patterns of regulatory feedback among the loci.
These findings suggest that the presence of ancient AP3 paralogs in the Ranunculaceae has facilitated the recent evolution of a novel organ identity program in Aquilegia. Specifically, it appears that downregulation of AqAP3-2 in the innermost whorl of stamens was a critical step in the evolution of elaborated sterile organs in this position.
Heterocyclic rings have long piqued the interest of medicinal chemists. Quinazolinone is a fused nitrogen‐based heterocyclic moiety. Some of quinazolinone derivatives have emerged as marketed drugs. ...A tremendous number of pharmacological activities such as anticancer, anticonvulsant, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, MMP inhibitors, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, and hypolipidemic properties have been explored. A number of quinazolinone derivatives have already paved way in various stages of clinical trials. An extensive literature on developed synthetic schemes based on green chemistry and biological activities of quinazolinone has been included in this study. The content of patent filed and granted of various quinazolinone‐based compounds are also mentioned.
Development in the medicinal chemistry of quinazolinone. SAR have been described. In vitro and in vivo biological activities
The mycotoxin patulin is primarily produced as a secondary metabolite by numerous fungal species and predominantly by Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, and Penicillium species. It is generally associated ...with fungal infected food materials. Penicillium expansum is considered the only fungal species liable for patulin contamination in pome fruits, especially in apples and apple-based products. This toxin in food poses serious health concerns and economic threat, which has aroused the need to adopt effective detection and mitigation strategies. Understanding its origin sources and biosynthetic mechanism stands essential for efficiently designing a management strategy against this fungal contamination. This review aims to present an updated outline of the sources of patulin occurrence in different foods and their biosynthetic mechanisms. It further provides information regarding the detrimental effects of patulin on human and agriculture as well as its effective detection, management, and control strategies.
Display omitted
•Patulin is mainly produced by Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, and Penicillium species.•Patulin contaminates pome fruits, especially apples and apple-based products.•Patulin contaminated products have serious human health impacts.•Management strategies are required for the safety and security of food.
Biological entities such as green plants, fungi, and lichens are now a days persistently explored for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Lichen-based nanoparticles are also becoming increasingly popular ...owing to their biocompatibility, eco-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. The lichen-based metal nanomaterials, particularly synthesized using green chemistry approaches, have turned out to be great substitutes to conventional antimicrobial therapies. Many scientific reports established the significant antimicrobial properties exhibited by the lichen nanoparticles. Therefore, the present mini-review summarizes an overview of lichen-based nanomaterials, their synthesis, their applications, and the molecular mechanism of their potential as broad spectrum antimicrobial agents for biomedical applications.
Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Zearalenone ...(ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with natural estrogens that enables its binding to the estrogen receptors leading to hormonal misbalance and numerous reproductive diseases. ZEN is mainly found in crops belonging to temperate regions, primarily in maize and other cereal crops that form an important part of various food and feed. Because of the significant adverse effects of ZEN on both human and animal, there is an alarming need for effective detection, mitigation, and management strategies to assure food and feed safety and security. The present review tends to provide an updated overview of the different sources, occurrence and biosynthetic mechanisms of ZEN in various food and feed. It also provides insight to its harmful effects on human health and agriculture along with its effective detection, management, and control strategies.
Slums are a topic of much research. While architects see it as a problem with design and construction materials, some it as an issue with infrastructural accessibility and security of tenure. Slums, ...according to policy analysts, are a result of a lack of incentives and rules. Shimla being the State capital major tourist attraction, GoHP envisioned Shimla to be Slum free city by 2022. In pursuance of vision of Slum Free India, Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) was launched in June 2011. RAY envisages two steps implementation strategy i.e. preparation of Slum Free City Plan of Action (SFCPoA) and preparation of projects for selected for slum. The proportion of slum population has been rising constantly therefore the present study is an attempt to analyse the living condition of the people in these slums in terms of housing conditions, land occupancy, availability of physical and social infrastructure. The main objective of the manuscript was to evaluate various policies/schemes and approaches adopted by Government for slum improvement and to understand the issues and problems concerning slums. The primary focus is to study the ongoing Government housing schemes in the slums of Shimla. For this, a detailed study with focus on the slums of Shimla was conducted. Among the existing slums the ones with ongoing government schemes/policy work were shortlisted. Prior to the conduct of main field work, a reci survey was conducted to shortlist the case studies; which also provided inputs for the preparation of the report. In Shimla, there are two ongoing government schemes; RAY and Ashiana Housing. For this paper focus was on Krishna Nagar slum under RAY. Most of the study is based on a field survey. Based on a basic random sampling technique, 10% of the homes in slum area was chosen. The purpose of the questionnaire's design was to gather comprehensive data about each family member.
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by different species of
,
, and
. CIT can contaminate a wide range of foods and feeds at any time during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. CIT ...can be usually found in beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs and spices, and dairy products, as well as red mold rice. CIT exerts nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects in both humans and animals, thereby raising concerns regarding the consumption of CIT-contaminated food and feed. Hence, to minimize the risk of CIT contamination in food and feed, understanding the incidence of CIT occurrence, its sources, and biosynthetic pathways could assist in the effective implementation of detection and mitigation measures. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on sources of CIT, its prevalence in food and feed, biosynthetic pathways, and genes involved, with a major focus on detection and management strategies to ensure the safety and security of food and feed.
Metabolomic is generally characterized as a comprehensive and the most copious analytical technique for the identification of targeted and untargeted metabolite diversity in a biological system. ...Recently, it has exponentially been used for phytochemical analysis and variability among plant metabolites, followed by chemometric analysis. Network pharmacology analysis is a computational technique used for the determination of multi-mechanistic and therapeutic evaluation of chemicals via interaction with the genomes involved in targeted or untargeted diseases. In considering the facts, the present review aims to explore the role of metabolomics and network pharmacology in the scientific validation of therapeutic claims as well as to evaluate the multi-targeted therapeutic approach of traditional Indian medicinal plants. The data was collected from different electronic scientific databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, ACS publication, PubMed, Springer, etc., using different keywords such as metabolomics, techniques used in metabolomics, chemometric analysis, a bioinformatic tool for drug discovery and development, network pharmacology, methodology and its role in biological evaluation of chemicals, etc. The screened articles were gathered and evaluated by different experts for their exclusion and inclusion in the final draft of the manuscript. The review findings suggest that metabolomics is one of the recent most precious and effective techniques for metabolite identification in the plant matrix. Various chemometric techniques are copiously used for metabolites discrimination analysis hence validating the unique characteristic of herbal medicines and their derived products concerning their authenticity. Network pharmacology remains the only option for the unique and effective analysis of hundreds of chemicals or metabolites via genomic interaction and thus validating the multi-mechanistic and therapeutic approach to explore the pharmacological aspects of herbal medicines for the management of the disease.
Background
Bacillus thuringiensis
(
Bt
) has been used in agriculture for a long time because of its insecticidal proteins which make it a valuable environment-friendly biopesticide. However, its use ...is not only limited to insecticidal properties. Current and previous studies indicate its potential as a biofertilizer for promoting plant growth, the development of transgenic plants, and others. It is the presence of δ-endotoxins, especially cry protein, which attributes the insecticidal property to the bacteria. Besides, there are some vegetative and secreted insecticidal proteins that exert their toxic activity towards specific species.
Main body of abstract
The present review briefly provides an overview of the
Bt
uses and application as a biocontrol agent against insect pest for sustainable agriculture. Historical development of
Bt
as biocontrol, classification of various cry proteins, their mechanisms of actions against different insect-pest, and incorporation of cry genes in the plant for developing transgenic
Bt
plants such as
Bt
cotton, potato, and maize. Applications of
Bt
as biofertilizer and the various bioformulations as biopesticide are also described.
Short conclusion
Uses of harmful pesticides and chemical cause various health issues and environmental problem; therefore, the
Bt
served as the best alternative to overcome the above issue. Also, we aim to explore the potential as plant growth-promoting potential and solubilization of minerals and the uses as a biofertilizer, keeping the high specificity and environmental safety of
Bt
. Its various formulations are commercially available and considered an efficient alternative to chemical pesticides.
Role of Echocardiography in Ductal Stenting Sharma, Bharti; Jain, Shreepal
Journal of The Indian Academy of Echocardiography & Cardiovascular Imaging,
09/2022, Letnik:
6, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Patent ductus arteriosus stenting has been acknowledged as a reliable alternative to palliative shunt surgeries in neonates with duct-dependent circulation. This procedure is technically challenging ...and can have serious complications; hence, a thorough evaluation of the case and preprocedural planning is required. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) remains the first diagnostic modality for all congenital heart defects. This article focuses on the role of TTE in diagnosis and transcatheter management of duct-dependent lesions.
PDF
