We consider the problem of several users transmitting packets to a base station, and study an optimal scheduling formulation involving three communication layers, namely, the medium access control, ...link, and physical layers. We assume Markov models for the packet arrival processes and the channel gain processes. Perfect channel state information is assumed to be available at the transmitter and the receiver. The transmissions are subject to a long-run average transmitter power constraint. The control problem is to assign power and rate dynamically as a function of the fading and the queue lengths so as to minimize a weighted sum of long run average packet transmission delays.
Software testing is one of the most arduous and challenging phase which is to be implemented with the intention of finding faults with the execution of minimum number of test cases to increase the ...overall quality of the product at the time of delivery or during maintenance phase. With the ever increasing demand of web applications and to meet never ending customer expectations, updations are to incorporate which will be validated through testing process. The structure of the web applications (dynamic website) can be modeled using weighted directed graph which consists of numerous paths starting from homepage (index page) of the website. For thorough testing of the website each and every path of the graph should be tested but due to various constraints like time, money and human resources it becomes very much impractical. This scenario ultimately gives rise to the motivation for the development of technique which reduces the number of paths to be tested so that tester community can test only these numbers of path instead of all possible paths so that satisfactory number of faults can be exposed. In this proposed approach assignment of weights on the edges of the directed graph takes place on the basis of the organization of the website, changes in the structure of the website at page level, experience of the coder and the behaviour of the users who have visited the website earlier. The most fault prone paths are identified using random, greedy, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Artificial Bee Colony Optimization (ABCO) algorithms. Two small size websites and one company’s website, and their two versions, were considered for experimentation. Results obtained through ACO and ABCO are promising in nature. This approach will support testing process to be completed in time and delivery of the updated version within given hard deadlines.
Background:
For maintenance of anesthesia for intracranial aneurysmal neck clipping, both intravenous and inhalational anesthetics are in vogue. We aimed to evaluate the superiority of one agent over ...the other for long-term neurological outcomes in these patients.
Methods:
This prospective assessor-blind randomized study was conducted in 106 patients of 18–65 years of age with World Federation of Neurosurgeons Grade I-II of subarachnoid hemorrhage. After written informed consent, the patients were randomized into – intravenous group (Propofol) and inhalational group (Desflurane). The primary outcome was to study neurological outcome using Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) at 3 months following discharge while secondary outcomes included intraoperative brain condition, intraoperative hemodynamics, duration of hospital stay, Modified Rankin Score (MRS) at discharge, MRS, and Barthel’s index at 3 months following discharge and estimation of perioperative biomarkers of brain injury.
Results:
The GOS at 3 months was 5 (5.00–5.00) in the propofol group and 5 (4.00–5.00) in the desflurane group (
P
= 0.24). Both the anesthetics were similar in terms of intraoperative hemodynamics, brain relaxation, duration of hospital stay, MRS at discharge and 3 months, and Barthel Index at 3 months (
P
> 0.05). The perioperative serum interleukin-6 and S100B were comparable among the groups (
P
> 0.05).
Conclusion:
The long-term neurological outcome of good grade aneurysm patients undergoing craniotomy and clipping remains comparable with the use of either propofol or desflurane. The effect of the two anesthetic agents on the various clinical parameters and the biomarkers of brain injury is also similar.
In vitro transcorneal permeation of diclofenac from oil drops was studied using freshly excised goat cornea.The maximum apparent corneal permeability coefficient (Papp) was obtained with 0.2% (w/v) ...diclofenac drops in sesame oil followed by safflower oil, while formulation in castor oil provided minimal Papp. The addition of benzyl alcohol, a preservative, in oil drops, increased the Papp value of diclofenac. Partition experiments indicated increased partitioning of diclofenac in the aqueous phase in the presence of benzyl alcohol, and the same could be responsible for the benzyl alcohol-induced increase in Papp. The solubility of diclofenac was higher in castor, arachis, and sunflower oil. But drug permeation from 0.5-1.0% (w/v) diclofenac drops in castor oil or 0.5% (w/v) drops in arachis /sunflower oil was less than that observed with 0.2% (w/v) drops in sesame oil. Thus diclofenac 0.2% (w/v) drops in sesame oil containing 0.5% (v/v) benzyl alcohol provides maximum Papp. The formulation increased corneal hydration indicating corneal damage. Since corneal hydration is less than 83% the damage appears to be reversible. The saturation solubility of diclofenac in sesame oil at 4°C is 0.33% (w/v). Hence diclofenac 0.2% (w/v) solution in sesame oil will not precipitate at 4°C and therefore the chances of crystallization of diclofenac from the formulation due to climatic change leading to physical instability appear to be remote.
The objective of this work was to measure patient eye lens dose for different cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) acquisition protocols of Varian′s On-Board Imaging (OBI) system using optically ...stimulated luminescence dosimeter (OSLD) and to study the variation in eye lens dose with patient geometry and distance of isocenter to the eye lens. During the experimental measurements, OSLD was placed on the patient between the eyebrows of both eyes in line of nose during CBCT image acquisition to measure eye lens doses. The eye lens dose measurements were carried out for three different cone-beam acquisition protocols (standard dose head, low-dose head LDH, and high-quality head HQH) of Varian OBI. Measured doses were correlated with patient geometry and distance between isocenter and eye lens. Measured eye lens doses for standard head and HQH protocols were in the range of 1.8-3.2 mGy and 4.5-9.9 mGy, respectively. However, the measured eye lens dose for the LDH protocol was in the range of 0.3-0.7 mGy. The measured data indicate that eye lens dose to patient depends on the selected imaging protocol. It was also observed that eye lens dose does not depend on patient geometry but strongly depends on distance between eye lens and treatment field isocenter. However, undoubted advantages of imaging system should not be counterbalanced by inappropriate selection of imaging protocol, especially for very intense imaging protocol.
Aortic atresia with normal sized left ventricle Jagia, Priya; Sharma, Arun; Gupta, Saurabh K ...
The Indian journal of radiology & imaging,
10/2016, Letnik:
26, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
Aortic atresia with an associated ventricular septal defect and adequate sized left ventricle is extremely rare. We present two cases in which an alternate diagnosis was suggested on ...echocardiography because the hypoplastic aortic trunk was missed due to its small caliber. The final diagnosis was, however, clinched on dual source computed tomography, which not only showed the thin aortic trunk but also clearly depicted the coronary artery origins from the hypoplastic aortic root. To the best of our knowledge, use of multi-detector computed tomography in aortic atresia with well developed left ventricle has not been reported in literature till date.
Food prices play an important role in the well-being of the poor and poverty reduction in developing countries. Therefore, there are government interventions in foodgrains markets in one form or ...another for several decades, starting during the Second World War. Government interventions can be either through direct participation as a provider or as a buyer (procurer) of foodgrains, or indirect participation in markets through taxes, subsidies, regulations, etc. The main objectives of these interventions are to ensure remunerative prices to the farmers in order to increase foodgrains production, improve access to food for economically vulnerable people, and stabilise foodgrains prices and availability in the country. This paper is an attempt to address some of the issues related to food subsidy in India. It deals with the components, magnitude and trends in food subsidy. It examines the main sources of food subsidy and factors affecting subsidy and discusses the policy options for containing food subsidy and draws out emerging issues for policy reforms.
In this paper, we have attempted grading of writers based on offline handwritten
Gurmukhi
characters written by them. In this work, the features used for classification are based on zoning that has ...the capability of uniquely grading the characters. Also, samples of offline handwritten
Gurmukhi
characters from one hundred different writers have been taken in this work. In order to establish the correctness of our approach, we have also considered these characters taken from five
Gurmukhi
fonts. We have used zoning, diagonal, directional, intersection and open end points, and Zernike moments feature extraction techniques in order to find the feature sets and have used HMM and Bayesian decision making classifiers for obtaining a classification score.
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