The terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum spans the frequency range between the infrared and the microwave. Traditionally the exploitation of this spectral region has been difficult owing ...to the lack of suitable source and detector. Over the last ten years or so, terahertz technology has advanced considerably with both terahertz pulsed spectroscopy (TPS) and terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI) instruments now commercially available. This review outlines some of the recent pharmaceutical applications of terahertz pulsed spectroscopy and imaging. The following application areas are highlighted: (1) discrimination and quantification of polymorphs/hydrates, (2) analysis of solid form transformation dynamics, (3) quantitative characterisation of tablet coatings: off-line and on-line, (4) tablet coating and dissolution, (5) spectroscopic imaging and chemical mapping. This review does not attempt to offer an exhaustive assessment of all anticipated pharmaceutical applications; rather it is an attempt to raise the awareness of the emerging opportunities and usefulness offered by this exciting technology.
Proxy advisory firms have become important players in corporate governance, but the extent of their influence over shareholder votes is debated. We estimate the effect of Institutional Shareholder ...Services (ISS) recommendations on voting outcomes by exploiting exogenous variation in ISS recommendations generated by a cutoff rule in ISS voting guidelines. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that from 2010 to 2011, a negative ISS recommendation on a say-on-pay proposal leads to a 25 percentage point reduction in say-on-pay voting support, suggesting a strong influence over shareholder votes. We also use our setting to examine the informational role of ISS recommendations.
Parking in major cities, particularly with dense traffic, directly effects the traffic flow and people's life. In this paper, we introduce a new smart parking system that is based on intelligent ...resource allocation, reservation, and pricing. The proposed system solves the current parking problems by offering guaranteed parking reservations with the lowest possible cost and searching time for drivers and the highest revenue and resource utilization for parking managers. New fair pricing policies are also proposed that can be implemented in practice. The new system is based on mathematical modeling using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) with the objective of minimizing the total monetary cost for the drivers and maximizing the utilization of parking resources.
A randomized trial comparing a 5-day course of intravenous remdesivir with a 10-day course in patients with Covid-19 pneumonia and hypoxemia who were not yet receiving mechanical ventilation showed ...no significant differences in outcome related to the duration of treatment.
Nanofiltration (NF) membranes offer advantages to address enormous demands for textile water treatment. To meet omnipresent challenges of dye/salt selectively and antifouling performance, an ...efficient dye desalting and antifouling NF membrane was developed by virtue of zwitterionic functionalized monomer (zwitterionic N,N-Bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine, ZDNMA). The structures of zwitterionic membranes can be tailored to suit the separation performance and antifouling property. The prepared zwitterionic NF membrane shows superior removal performance of methyl blue and penetration capacity of NaCl due to zwitterion desirable features of accelerating NaCl transportation. Thus, the membrane selectivity factor for NaCl/methyl blue can be as high as 857.0, accompanied by pure water flux of 10.67 L m-2 h-1 bar-1. When dealing with 0.3 g L-1 MYB and 4 g L-1 NaCl mixture solution, a high NaCl removal was achieved in 75.8% with about 8.1% dye loss after dye purification process. Furthermore, the membrane revealed antifouling performance with a 94.9% flux recovery ratio. The zwitterionic NF membrane highlights more exceptional dye desalination performance, which renders a vast potential for practical textile effluent.
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•Zwitterion was synthesized to prepared NF membrane by interfacial polymerization.•The effect of zwitterion concentration on membrane performance was investigated.•Zwitterionic NF membrane possessed enhanced hydrophilicity and water permeability.•Excellent salt/dye separation and superior antifouling performance were realized.
This paper mainly from the structural equation through conventional measurement and visual measurement model, analyzes the relationship between groundwater heavy metals and it, to establish the ...measurement model on the spatial distribution of groundwater heavy metals influencing factor model, analyzes the influence effect of various indicators on the spatial distribution of groundwater heavy metals, and their mutual influence effect. However, due to many characteristics of heavy metal groundwater, long-term use and management, it has become the research focus in the field of potential environmental protection, and has become an indispensable part of this study. Heavy metal pollution in groundwater not only endangers the safety of ecosystem, but also seriously damages the health of residents. A typical integration area between urban and rural areas is selected to understand the current situation of heavy metal pollution in groundwater, analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metal ions, and conduct qualitative and quantitative research on heavy metal pollution sources in groundwater, which has important theoretical and practical value for promoting urban sprawl, It also provides a scientific basis for the local government to formulate the strategy of protecting water resources. Of course, this problem also has a certain impact on leisure agricultural tourism, and leisure agricultural tourism is one of the important ways to promote the structural adjustment of agricultural sector and increase farmers’ income, which is also an important practical process of developing multifunctional agriculture. In this paper, through structural equation analysis of underground heavy metal factor model, to understand its impact on leisure agricultural tourism, promote the development of leisure agricultural tourism.
Abstract
A phase transition is often accompanied by the appearance of an order parameter and symmetry breaking. Certain magnetic materials exhibit exotic hidden-order phases, in which the order ...parameters are not directly accessible to conventional magnetic measurements. Thus, experimental identification and theoretical understanding of a hidden order are difficult. Here we combine neutron scattering and thermodynamic probes to study the newly discovered rare-earth triangular-lattice magnet TmMgGaO
4
. Clear magnetic Bragg peaks at K points are observed in the elastic neutron diffraction measurements. More interesting, however, is the observation of sharp and highly dispersive spin excitations that cannot be explained by a magnetic dipolar order, but instead is the direct consequence of the underlying multipolar order that is “hidden” in the neutron diffraction experiments. We demonstrate that the observed unusual spin correlations and thermodynamics can be accurately described by a transverse field Ising model on the triangular lattice with an intertwined dipolar and ferro-multipolar order.
Quantum spin liquids (QSLs) are exotic states of matter characterized by emergent gauge structures and fractionalized elementary excitations. The recently discovered triangular lattice ...antiferromagnet YbMgGaO4 is a promising QSL candidate, and the nature of its ground state is still under debate. Here we use neutron scattering to study the spin excitations in YbMgGaO4 under various magnetic fields. Our data reveal a dispersive spin excitation continuum with clear upper and lower excitation edges under a weak magnetic field (H = 2.5 T). Moreover, a spectral crossing emerges at the Γ point at the Zeeman-split energy. The corresponding redistribution of the spectral weight and its field-dependent evolution are consistent with the theoretical prediction based on the inter-band and intra-band spinon particle-hole excitations associated with the Zeeman-split spinon bands, implying the presence of fractionalized excitations and spinon Fermi surfaces in the partially magnetized QSL state in YbMgGaO4.
Increasing reports on epidemiological, diagnostic, and clinical studies suggest that dysfunction of the inflammatory reaction results in chronic illnesses such as cancer, arthritis, arteriosclerosis, ...neurological disorders, liver diseases, and renal disorders. Chronic inflammation might progress if injurious agent persists; however, more typically than not, the response is chronic from the start. Distinct to most changes in acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is characterized by the infiltration of damaged tissue by mononuclear cells like macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, in addition to tissue destruction and attempts to repair. Phagocytes are the key players in the chronic inflammatory response. However, the important drawback is the activation of pathological phagocytes, which might result from continued tissue damage and lead to harmful diseases. The longer the inflammation persists, the greater the chance for the establishment of human diseases. The aim of this review was to focus on advances in the understanding of chronic inflammation and to summarize the impact and involvement of inflammatory agents in certain human diseases.
Chronic inflammation is a greater the chance for the establishment of human diseases.
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