The test bench for testing and calibrating the measuring geodetic instruments for flat angle measurements has been created at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Institute of Geodesy. This test ...rig incorporates multiple‐angular position determination principles ‐ photoelectric angular encoder, polygon‐autocollimator and circular‐scale‐microscope. Such a diversity of implemented methods allows cross‐calibration and testing each principle using the other one. Similarly, there may be multiple methods of testing and cross‐calibration used. The covariation and correlation analysis of the measurement data are received and analysed.
•The geodetic presumptions of the neutrinos speed estimation are considered.•The basis of few hundreds kilometers does not satisfy the precision requirements of the estimation of the neutrino ...velocity.•The geodetic methods could create the presumptions of the neutrino velocity measurements.
The geodetic assumptions for the measurement of the neutrino velocity by applying the standard time of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the length of the basis, which is defined by the geodetic measurements, are presented. The experimental data were taken from the OPERA and ICARUS experiments where neutrino emission from CERN LHC accelerator to the Gran Sasso detector had been investigated. A distance between accelerator and detector is about 730km. A time interval of the neutrinos travelling was measured by the benchmark clocks, which were calibrated according to the standard GPS time signals received from the GPS satellites. The accuracy of the characteristics of the GPS time signals and time intervals of the GPS signals travels between the satellites and ground-based receivers are considered in the calculations of the neutrino velocity. An influence of the correlation between time intervals, and the correlation between the speed of light and the time intervals is estimated. The measurement conditions, under which it is possible to measure the neutrino velocity with adequate precision to the measurements of the speed of light, and which are related to the necessary accuracies of the basis’ length and time intervals are given and discussed. The geodetic presumptions for the measurement of the neutrino velocities during Project X experiment and for the usage of the basis Earth–Moon are proposed.
The article identifies the digital images of human skin using covariance functions and Wavelet theory. The terms of covariance functions are defined using random functions made of scattering arrays ...of the pixels of digital images considering columns as single vectors. The analysed digital images can differ in scale because the scale of the image changes while the frequencies of the colour waves of single pixels remain the same. Thus, the influence of scale change on calculation procedures of covariance functions can be hardly noticed. RGB colour spectrum was used for identifying the images of human skin. The paper describes the influence of single components of RGB colour spectrum on the values of covariance functions of digital images. The identity of digital images is evaluated taking into account changes in the values of correlation coefficients in the range of RGB colours using appropriate software. Santrauka Nagrinėjamas žmogaus odos skaitmeninių vaizdų identifikavimas taikant kovariacinių funkcijų ir Wavelet bangų teoriją. Kovariacinių funkcijų išraiškos sudaromos pagal atsitiktines funkcijas, sudarytas skleidžiant skaitmeninių vaizdų pikselių masyvus pagal stulpelius pavienių vektorių pavidalu. Tyrimams naudojami skaitmeniniai vaizdai gali būti skirtingo mastelio, nes, kintant vaizdo masteliui, pavienių pikselių spalvų bangų dažniai lieka nekintantys, todėl kovariacinių funkcijų skaičiavimo procedūrose mastelio kaitos įtaka nepasireiškia. žmogaus odos vaizdams identifikuoti taikytas RGB formato spalvų spektras. Analizuota RGB spalvų tenzoriaus pavienių dedamųjų įtaka skaitmeninių vaizdų kovariacinių funkcijų įverčiams. Skaitmeninių vaizdų tapatumas įvertinamas pagal koreliacijos koeficientų reikšmių kaitą RGB spalvų diapazone, taikant sudarytas kompiuterines programas. Резюме С применением теории ковариационных функций и Wavelet (маленьких волн) рассматривается идентификация цифровых изображений кожи человека. Выражения ковариационных функций определяются по случайным функциям, составленным при развертывании массивов пикселей цифровых изображений по столбикам в виде отдельных векторов. Цифровые изображения могут быть разных масштабов, так как при изменении масштаба для изображений частота волн цветов отдельных пикселей остается неизменной. В связи с этим влияние изменений масштаба в вычислительных процедурах ковариационных функций не проявляется. При идентификации цифровых изображений кожи человека использован цветовой спектр для формата RGB. Проведен анализ влияния отдельных составляющих тензора RGB цветов цифровых изображений на оценку ковариационных функций. Идентичность цифровых изображений оценивается по изменению значений коэффициентов корреляции в диапазоне спектра RGB цветов при использовании компьютерных программ.
In this paper, the changes of energetic intensity of Cern neutrinos during an experiment are analysed. For the analysis of energetic intensity of neutrinos, the theory of covariance functions was ...applied. The estimates of cross-covariance functions of digital data of energetic intensity of neutrinos or autocovariance functions of single data are calculated according to the random functions formed in the energetic intensity measuring data arrays in the form of vectors. The covariance functions have been calculated by varying the quantisation interval on the energetic scale and applying the computer program developed using MATLAB 7 package of procedures.
This paper describes the theoretical and practical preconditions for identification of the Universe rotation axis using the digital images from ten galaxies and the relative velocities of their ...movement upon applying a simulation of the parameter <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi>
</mml:math> from the Doppler effect formula and a system of polar coordinates. The value of the Doppler parameter <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> </mml:math> shows an approximate relative velocity of the reciprocal movement of two digital images
(objects) in respect of the speed of light in vacuum c. The values of the Doppler parameter <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> </mml:math> were calculated upon using vectors transformed by pixel intensities of digital images of galaxies cluster and
the white solar spectrum. The average values of the Doppler parameter <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> </mml:math> were calculated according to the created formula upon applying the expressions of cross-covariance functions of the algebraic sum of the
relevant transformed vectors and a single vector. The values of the parameter <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> </mml:math> from the Doppler formula enabled calculating the relative velocity of movement of digital images of the galaxies cluster in respect
of each other and the relative velocity of movement of the images in respect of the Solar system. The relative velocity of galaxy movement calculated in such a way is a component of the real relative galaxy movement velocity (the velocity of tangential motion in respect of the rotation curve).
In addition, the values of the scalar argument <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mi>β</mml:mi> </mml:math> (the values of the angles between vectors of respective directions of vectors-directions of vectors of galaxies movement in respect of the Solar system
and direction of the real galaxies movement vectors) are calculated. In the systems of polar and rectangular coordinates of each galaxy, the values of radii R of galaxies rotation curves (at points of the tangent) and coordinates of their centers were established upon applying the relevant
formulas of differential geometry. The calculation data were collected using the software upon applying matlab program package operators.
Abstract The paper analyses the intensity changes of three pollution parameter vectors in space and time. The RGB raster pollution data of the Lithuanian territory used for the research were prepared ...according to the digital images of the Sentinel-2 Earth satellites. The numerical vectors of environmental pollution parameters CH 4 (methane), NO 2 (nitrogen dioxide) and for direct comparison O 2 (oxygen gas) were used for the calculations. The covariance function theory was used to perform the analysis of intensity changes in digital vectors. Estimates of the covariance functions of the numerical vectors of pollution parameters and O 2 or the auto-covariance functions of single vectors are calculated from random functions consisting of arrays of measurement parameters of all parameters vectors. Correlation between parameters vectors depends on the density of parameters and their structure. Estimates of covariance functions were calculated by changing the quantization interval on a time scale and using a compiled computer program using the Matlab procedure package. The probability dependence between the environmental pollution parameter vectors and trace gas of the territory in Lithuania and their change in time scale was determined.
The ionospheric influence on pseudo ranges and carrier phase observations is analysed in the paper. The state of the ionosphere is not constant and changes within the time as well as an ionospheric ...effect on GPS signals depend on their propagation geometry; therefore there is no constant error of coordinate determination due to the influence of the ionosphere. Theoretical values of correlation coefficient have been determined between two pseudo-ranges and between two carrier phase differences when signals are received from the same satellite at two different moments or from two different satellites at the same moment. It is demonstrated that attention should be paid to the correlation of observation results in GPS observations processing procedures. The ionospheric influence on point coordinates determination errors is analysed when coordinates are determined with a single-frequency GPS receiver in the absolute coordinate system. Article in Lithuanian Jonosferos įtakos kovariacija atlikus GPS matavimus Santrauka. Straipsnyje analizuojama jonosferos įtaka atliekant pseudoatstumų ir nešlio fazių matavimus. Kadangi jonosferos būklė nėra pastovi, o kinta laike ir priklauso nuo GPS palydovų signalų sklidimo geometrijos, tai atitinkamai nėra pastovios matavimo taško koordinačių klaidos dėl jonosferos įtakos. Nustatytos koreliacijos tarp dviejų pseudoatstumų bei tarp dviejų nešlio fazių skirtumų, gautų priimant signalus iš to paties palydovo skirtingais laiko momentais arba iš skirtingų palydovų tais pačiais laiko momentais, koeficiento teorinės reikšmės. Parodyta, kad GPS matavimo rezultatų apdorojimo procedūrose turi būti atsižvelgiama į matavimo rezultatų koreliaciją. Analizuojama jonosferos įtaka taško koordinačių, nustatytų vieno dažnio GPS imtuvais, klaidoms absoliučiojoje koordinačių sistemoje. Prasminiai žodžiai: GPS, jonosfera, koreliacija, pseudoatstumai.
The principle of calculating coordinates determined by GPS method and carrier's phase shift and corrections for pseudoranges as well as applying the regression models created by method of collocation ...is presented in the article. The values of regression equations parameters are calculated by applying the methods of collocation and least squares according to accurately known coordinates of reference stations and the appropriate values measured by GPS. The corrections for user receiver coordinates and to pseudoranges are obtained by developed prognostic models, the accuracy of which is evaluated by covariation matrixes. Article in Lithuanian Santrauka. Straipsnyje pateikiamas GPS metodu nustatytu tašku koordinačiu, nešlio faziu skirtumu bei pseudoatstumu pataisu skaičiavimo principas, sudarant GPS virtualiuju stočiu regresinius modelius, taikant kolokacijos metoda. Regresiniu lygčiu parametru reikšmes, taikant kolokacijos metoda, apskaičiuojamos mažiausiuju kvadratu metodu remiantis žinomomis tiksliomis referenciniu stočiu koordinatemis bei išmatuotomis atitinkamu GPS dydžiu reikšmemis. GPS vartotojo imtuvo koordinačiu bei nešlio faziu skirtumu ir pseudoatstumu pataisos nustatomos pagal sudarytus prognozinius modelius. Prognoziniu modeliu tikslumas ivertinamas kovariaciju matricomis. Reikšminiai žodžiai: GPS referencinės stotys, regresija, kovariacija, prognozė.
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