Conspectus Low molecular weight gases (e.g., carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and ethylene) represent vital building blocks for the construction of a wide array of organic molecules. Whereas experimental ...organic chemists routinely handle solid and liquid reagents, the same is not the case for gaseous reagents. Synthetic transformations employing such reagents are commonly conducted under pressure in autoclaves or under atmospheric pressure with a balloon setup, which necessitates either specialized equipment or potentially hazardous and nonrecommended installations. Other safety concerns associated with gaseous reagents may include their toxicity and flammability and, with certain gases, their inability to be detected by human senses. Despite these significant drawbacks, industrial processes apply gaseous building blocks regularly due to their low cost and ready availability but nevertheless under a strictly controlled manner. Carbon monoxide (CO) fits with all the parameters for being a gas of immense industrial importance but with severe handling restrictions due to its inherent toxicity and flammability. In academia, as well as research and development laboratories, CO is often avoided because of these safety issues, which is a limitation for the development of new carbonylation reactions. With our desire to address the handling of CO in a laboratory setting, we designed and developed a two-chamber reactor (COware) for the controlled delivery and utilization of stoichiometric amounts of CO for Pd-catalyzed carbonylation reactions. In addition to COware, two stable and solid CO-releasing molecules (COgen and SilaCOgen) were developed, both of which release CO upon activation by either Pd catalysis or fluoride addition, respectively. The unique combination of COware with either COgen or SilaCOgen provides a simple reactor setup enabling synthetic chemists to easily perform safe carbonylation chemistry without the need for directly handling the gaseous reagent. With this technology, an array of low-pressure carbonylations were developed applying only near stoichiometric amounts of carbon monoxide. Importantly, carbon isotope variants of the CO precursors, such as 13COgen, Sila13COgen, or even 14COgen, provide a simple means for performing isotope-labeling syntheses. Finally, the COware applicability has been extended to reactions with other gases, such as hydrogen, CO2, and ethylene including their deuterium and 13C-isotopically labeled versions where relevant. The COware system has been repeatedly demonstrated to be a valuable reactor for carrying out a wide number of transition metal-catalyzed transformations, and we believe this technology will have a significant place in many organic research laboratories.
A new SO2 surrogate is reported that is cheap, bench‐stable, and can be accessed in just two steps from bulk chemicals. Essentially complete SO2 release is achieved in 5 minutes. Eight established ...sulfonylation reactions proceeded smoothly by ex situ formation of SO2 by utilizing a two‐chamber system in combination with the SO2 surrogate. Furthermore, we report the first direct aminosulfonylation between aryl iodides and amines. Broad functional group tolerance is demonstrated, and the method is applicable to pharmaceutically relevant substrates, including heterocyclic substrates.
A SO2 surrogate (SOgen) is reported, which is cheap, bench‐stable, and accessible in just two steps from bulk chemicals. SOgen releases SO2 in just a few minutes when heated in the presence of a styrene. The compatibility of this gas‐releasing method with eight previously reported sulfonylation reactions was demonstrated in a two‐chamber system. Direct aminosulfonylation between aryl iodides and amines is reported.
In a comparative study of the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, cobalt meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) is used as a model molecular catalyst under both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. In ...the former case, employing N,N‐dimethylformamide as solvent, CoTPP performs poorly as an electrocatalyst giving low product selectivity in a slow reaction at a high overpotential. However, upon straightforward immobilization of CoTPP onto carbon nanotubes, a remarkable enhancement of the electrocatalytic abilities is seen with CO2 becoming selectively reduced to CO (>90 %) at a low overpotential in aqueous medium. This effect is ascribed to the particular environment created by the aqueous medium at the catalytic site of the immobilized catalyst that facilitates the adsorption and further reaction of CO2. This work highlights the significance of assessing an immobilized molecular catalyst from more than homogeneous measurements alone.
Heterogeneous vs. homogeneous: When cobalt meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) is immobilized on carbon nanotubes, a remarkably enhanced catalytic activity in CO2 electroreduction is observed, with CoITPP− serving as the active species. The simple approach for heterogenization enables facile screening and evaluation of molecular catalysts under heterogeneous conditions.
The selective and efficient reduction of carbon dioxide represents a key solution to producing non‐fossil‐fuel‐based feedstocks for the chemical industry, while alleviating the increasing atmospheric ...concentration of this greenhouse gas. A variety of catalytic methods for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) have been developed, including hydrogenations and electrochemical or photochemical reductions. For many of the most significant breakthroughs reported in the last decade, we realized that amines or closely related functional groups play a critical role for such transformations, and in several cases, are directly associated with the catalyst as a pendant group. Amines play multiple roles, such as CO2 trapping agents, proton shuttles, electron donors, or facilitators of CO2 reductions through formamide derivatives. In this Viewpoint, we compile some of these recent findings, and discuss their significance in a broader context in an attempt to provide guidelines for the design of new catalysts with enhanced activity and selectivity.
Within the last decade, several of the most significant breakthroughs in the homogeneous electrochemical or photochemical reduction and hydrogenation of carbon dioxide have been driven by the introduction of amines or amine‐derived moieties in the reaction mixture. These amines play multiple roles, which are discussed herein to provide guidelines for the design of new catalysts with enhanced activity and selectivity.
Earth-abundant transition metal (Fe, Co, or Ni) and nitrogen-doped porous carbon electrocatalysts (M-N-C, where M denotes the metal) were synthesized from cheap precursors via silica-templated ...pyrolysis. The effect of the material composition and structure (i.e., porosity, nitrogen doping, metal identity, and oxygen functionalization) on the activity for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) was investigated. The metal-free N-C exhibits a high selectivity but low activity for CO2RR. Incorporation of the Fe and Ni, but not Co, sites in the N-C material is able to significantly enhance the activity. The general selectivity order for CO2-to-CO conversion in water is found to be Ni > Fe ≫ Co with respect to the metal in M-N-C, while the activity follows Ni, Fe ≫ Co. Notably, the Ni-doped carbon exhibits a high selectivity with a faradaic efficiency of 93% for CO production. Tafel analysis shows a change of the rate-determining step as the metal overtakes the role of the nitrogen as the most active site. Recording the X-ray photoelectron spectra and extended X-ray absorption fine structure demonstrates that the metals are atomically dispersed in the carbon matrix, most likely coordinated to four nitrogen atoms and with carbon atoms serving as a second coordination shell. Presumably, the carbon atoms in the second coordination shell of the metal sites in M-N-C significantly affect the CO2RR activity because the opposite reactivity order is found for carbon supported metal meso-tetraphenylporphyrin complexes. From a better understanding of the relationship between the CO2RR activity and the material structure, it becomes possible to rationally design high-performance porous carbon electrocatalysts involving earth-abundant metals for CO2 valorization.
Silasubstitution, where silicon is substituted for carbon at specific sites of the substrate, has become a growing practice in medicinal chemistry. Introducing silicon into bioactive compounds ...provides slight physical and electronic alterations to the parent compound, which in certain instances could make the substrate a more viable candidate for a drug target. One application is in the field of protease inhibition. Various silane diol isosteres can act as potent inhibitors of aspartic and metalloproteases because of their ability to mimic the high-energy tetrahedral intermediate in peptide bond hydrolysis. In particular, since 1998, the Sieburth group has prepared a number of functionalized peptide silane diol isosteres. In a seminal study, they demonstrated that these molecules can bind to the active site of the enzymes. Inspired by these results, we initiated a study to develop a concise and straightforward route to access highly functionalized silicon diol based peptidomimetic analogs, which we describe in this Account. The synthesis of such analogs is challenging because the dipeptide mimics require the formation of two carbon–silicon bonds as well as two chiral carbon centers. Our first strategy was to assemble the two C–Si bonds from diphenylsilane through an initial regioselective hydrosilylation step of a terminal alkene, followed by lithiation of the formed alkyldiphenylsilane by a simple lithium metal reduction. Subsequent diastereoselective addition of this silyllithium species to a tert-butylsulfinimine provided a rapid method to assemble the dipeptide mimic with stereochemical control at the new chiral carbon center adjacent to the silicon. This strategy worked with a wide range of functional groups. However, there were some limitations with the more elaborate targets. In particular, we needed to exchange the phenyl groups of the diphenylsilane with aryl groups that were more labile under acidic conditions in order to introduce Si–O bonds in the end product. We demonstrated that a variety of Ar2SiH2 compounds with methyl substituents on the aromatic core could effectively undergo hydrosilylation and reductive lithiation with a soluble reducing agent, lithium naphthalenide. The electron-rich aromatic groups were more acid labile and, depending on the conditions, could produce either the silane diol or the silanol. In an alternative strategy, we used a highly regioselective Rh-catalyzed sequential double hydrosilylation to form the two C–Si bonds with a single catalyst. This approach is a more efficient, atom economical way to synthesize a wider range of highly functionalized organosilanes with the added possibility of extending this method into an asymmetric protocol. By this method, various functional groups that were not previously tolerated in the lithiation protocol, including OBn, OAc, furyl, and thiophenes, could now be incorporated. Hydrosilylation of a terminal olefin and a peptide functionalized with an enamide at the C-terminus achieved the desired silane in high yields in a one pot reaction without compromising the stereochemical integrity of the peptide. As an extension of this work, we used these methods to efficiently generate a variety of chiral azasilaheterocycles, including silapiperidines and silaindolizidines.
On-demand synthesis of phosphoramidites Sandahl, Alexander F; Nguyen, Thuy J D; Hansen, Rikke A ...
Nature communications,
05/2021, Letnik:
12, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Automated chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides is of fundamental importance for the production of primers for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for oligonucleotide-based drugs, and for numerous ...other medical and biotechnological applications. The highly optimised automised chemical oligonucleotide synthesis relies upon phosphoramidites as the phosphate precursors and one of the drawbacks of this technology is the poor bench stability of phosphoramidites. Here, we report on the development of an on-demand flow synthesis of phosphoramidites from their corresponding alcohols, which is accomplished with short reaction times, near-quantitative yields and without the need of purification before being submitted directly to automated oligonucleotide synthesis. Sterically hindered as well as redox unstable phosphoramidites are synthesised using this methodology and the subsequent couplings are near-quantitative for all substrates. The vision for this technology is direct integration into DNA synthesisers thereby omitting manual synthesis and storage of phosphoramidites.
Carbonylation reactions, such as Heck, Sonogashira, and radical carbonylations, were successfully carried out in a “two-chamber reactor” where carbon monoxide was produced ex situ by the Morgan ...reaction (dehydration of formic acid by sulfuric acid). By a subsequent application in a microflow system using a “tube-in-tube” reactor where gas-permeable Teflon AF2400 was used as the inner tube, it is demonstrated that formic acid/sulfuric acid can be employed concomitantly with an amine base such as triethylamine in the Heck aminocarbonylation of aryl iodide.
The first organocatalyzed trapping of CO2 through CC and CO bond formation is reported. Alkynyl indoles together with catalytic amounts of an organic base and five equivalents of CO2 resulted in ...the formation new heterocyclic structures. These tricyclic indole‐containing products were successfully prepared under mild reaction conditions from aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic alkynyl indoles with complete regioselectivity. Further investigations suggest that CC bond formation is the initial intermolecular step, followed by lactone‐forming CO bond formation.
Caught in a trap: The first trapping of CO2 through organocatalyzed CC and CO bond formation is reported. By using alkynyl indoles, this method generates novel indole lactone derivatives by using as little as 5 mol % of the simple organic base 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo‐4.4.0dec‐5‐ene as an organocatalyst. The transformation shows excellent atom economy and a broad substrate scope, including aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic 2‐alkynyl indoles.
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