Introduction: To estimate the procedure-related risks of pregnancy loss following chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis (AC) compared to pregnancies without procedure.
This cohort study ...enrolled all women who underwent CVS or AC at the Department of Perinatology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia (from January 2013 to June 2015). For each group we obtained a maternal age and gestational age (11-14 weeks for CVS and >15 weeks for AC) for a matched control group without invasive procedures from the national database. The data was obtained from hospital records and telephone surveys concerning pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancy loss rates in intervention vs. control groups were compared by generating relative risk (RR) with a 95% confidence interval.
During the study period, 828 women underwent CVS and 2,164 women underwent AC. Complete outcome data was available in 2,798 cases (93.5%, 770 CVS, 2,028 AC). Pregnancy loss occurred in 8/770 (1.04%, 95% CI 0.4-2.0%) after CVS vs. 15/1130 (1.33%, 95% CI 0.8-2.2%) in matched control (RR 0.8, 95% CI 0.33-1.8, p=0.6). It occurred in 16/2028 (0.79%, 95% CI 0.5-1.3%) after AC vs. 14/395 (3.29%, 95% CI 2.1-5.8%) in matched control (RR 0.2, 95% CI 0.11-0.45, p<0.0001).
The pregnancy loss rates after CVS and AC were comparable to losses in pregnancies without these procedures. With the increasing use of non-invasive prenatal testing, information that the invasive procedures are safe when indicated is essential.
In 1945, a class of 302 students enrolled at the newly established full Faculty of Medicine in Ljubljana with ten semesters of courses. Approximately 200 of them graduated five years later ...notwithstanding the faculty’s deficiencies in staffing and funding. By the end of 2009, the Ljubljana Faculty of Medicine had trained over 8,500 doctors and dentists. The first class of teachers and students faced many problems, but solved them over time. The spatial situation was solved by government decrees that temporarily assigned the Šempeter barracks, the clinics and health centers of the Ljubljana Hospital to the Faculty of Medicine. Staffing difficulties were solved by awarding professorships to experts in various areas. The problem of textbooks was overcome by students taking notes during lectures and copying them. Initial over-enrollment was solved by academic selection with strict criteria. The student youth organization directed cultivation of the body and mind with political overtones, and led compulsory “volunteer” labor campaigns throughout Yugoslavia. With great effort, despite all the postwar deficiencies, and at the same time enthusiasm for success and the zeal of all involved, the school was formed. It was further developed, year after year, producing ever better doctors with increasingly greater knowledge, comparable to global standards.
Background: Using Andrija Stampar's ideology, modern Slovenian public healthcare following the First World War gradually transformed private healthcare into public healthcare available to everyone. ...Public healthcare professionals specializing in social medicine, hygiene, healthcare organization, and medical statistics were trained in Europe and in the USA under the auspices of the United Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation. This paper discusses the first Slovenian (Yugoslav) and international expert in medical and vital statistics, Bojan Pirc. Methods: A retrospective historical-medical approach was used to examine the primary and secondary sources on Bojan Pirc's life and work. The results were also obtained by analyzing Pirc's extensive bibliography of research and technical articles. Results: In the academic year 1927/28, the physician Bojan Pirc (1901-1991) studied at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Public School of Health in Baltimore on a Rockefeller Foundation grant. There he took graduate-level courses in statistics, epidemiology, public healthcare organization, and hygiene. He became the leading Yugoslav expert in medical and vital statistics. From 1928 onwards, he worked at the Central Hygienic Institute in Belgrade, serving as head of the social medicine department for most of his time there. From 1948 to 1955 Pirc was Director of the Yugoslav Medical Sstatistics Office, and from 1955 to 1961 he served as a World Health Organization expert, for which his duties included heading the Epidemiology Research Department in Geneva. From 1955 to 1971, he held the position of professor at the Zagreb Medical Faculty, and from 1967 to 1974 he served as a part-time statistics instructor at the Ljubljana Medical Faculty, then till 1980 as its professor. From 1968 to 1980 he headed the graduate program in public healthcare in Ljubljana and Maribor as part of the Andrija Stampar School of Public Health in Zagreb. He helped organize the Yugoslav hygiene service and analyzed the dynamics of infectious diseases in Yugoslavia (1919-1928). He and his brother Ivo Pirc coauthored several textbooks on hygiene and prepared a basic study titled Zdravje v Sloveniji I - Zivljenjska bilanca Slovenije v letih 1921- 1935 (Health in Slovenia I: Births and Deaths in Slovenia, 1921-1935). In addition, he developed a medical statistics system methodology for all of Yugoslavia, which was also well received internationally. Thanks to him, medical statistics became an independent research area.
Uvod: Leta 2013 mineva 60 let od izolacije virusa klopnega meningoencefalitisa (KME) v Sloveniji. Od takrat se slovenski infektologi, epidemiologi, virologi in drugi strokovnjaki strokovno in ...znanstvenoraziskovalno ukvarjajo s proučevanjem KME.
Ob jubileju so s historiografskimi metodami analizirali objave skozi ta čas in pripravili retrospektivno študijo pojavljanja te bolezni pri nas.
V nekaterih delih Slovenije se je v letih po drugi svetovni vojni začela pojavljati bolezen osrednjega živčevja, ki je do tedaj niso poznali. Leta 1953 so Milko Bedjanič in Slava Rus, oba infektologa, ter virologinja Jelka Vesenjak Zmijanac z osamitvijo virusa iz krvi bolnice dokazali, da je ta bolezen KME. Virologi so v naslednjih letih proučevali povzročitelja KME; številni epidemiologi so raziskovali njegove epidemiološke značilnost, entomologi in ornitologi ekosisteme arbovirusnih okužb, infektologi klinične in laboratorijske značilnosti okužb in potek okužb ter morebitne posledice bolezni. Mikrobiologi so izpopolnjevali možnosti diagnostike te okužbe. Razvili so tudi uspešno cepivo in zakonsko so določene skupine, ki se morajo obvezno cepiti.
Bolezen se je pri Slovencih ustalila kot endemski tip KME, ki jo kliniki sicer dobro obvladujejo, a je skupen trud epidemiologov in javnega zdravja usmerjen v zvišanje precepljenosti proti KME, saj je v Sloveniji ta odstotek zelo nizek in se bolezen še vedno prekomerno pojavlja.
Introduction: In the year 2013, we are celebrating the 60th anniversary of the isolation of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBE) in Slovenia. Ever since its isolation, Slovenian infectologists, epidemiologists, virologists and other experts have been researching this disease.
For this anniversary, we have historiographically analysed all qualified articles from this period and prepared a retrospective study of the appearance of the disease in Slovenia.
In certain parts of Slovenia, in the years following the Second World War, there was an increased presence of previously unknown diseases of the central nervous system. In 1953, Milko Bedjanič, Slava Rus and Jelka Vesenjak Zmijanac isolated a virus in the blood and thereby proved that the disease was indeed TBE. In the years that followed, virologists studied the cause of TBE, many epidemiologists researched its epidemic characteristics, entomologists and ornithologists studied the ecosystems of arboviral infections and infectologists studied the clinical and laboratory features of infections and the course of the disease as well as its possible consequences. Microbiologists perfected the technique of diagnosing this infection. They developed a vaccine and selected the groups that were legally obliged to be vaccinated.
the disease has stabilised as an endemic type of TBE that clinicians can control, but the common effort of epidemiologists and the public health service directed towards vaccinating people against this disease has not been very successful and the disease is still too common.
Franjo Radšel (1899–1987) dedicated his life to the fight against tuberculosis. He started his career at the Golnik Sanatorium, and continued at the Slovenj Gradec Hospital and Maribor Hospital, ...where he headed the pulmonary ward. He set up antituberculosis clinics in the towns of Črna, Lenart, Šentilj, Oplotnica and Poljčane and he worked at outpatient clinics in Trbovlje, Slovenska Bistrica, and Maribor. In his half century of effort (from 1926 to 1976), he carried out pioneering work in the fight against tuberculosis, contributed to the development of antituberculosis services in northeast Slovenia, and described the development of this service in Maribor.
In 1909, Slovenia received its fi rst document on school healthcare and the fi rst two school pediatricians were appointed in Ljubljana. During the interwar period, school healthcare underwent rapid ...development, its progress being accelerated primarily by the establishment of the Institute of Hygiene in Ljubljana in 1923. Healthcare began to be nationalized, and the Institute of Hygiene and healthcare centers jointly introduced healthcare institutions primarily for mothers and children, specialized clinics (e.g., for treating tuberculosis, syphilis, and trachoma), a disinfection and sanitation course, and the fi rst program for community nurses. It also dedicated great attention to school healthcare. By 1941, twenty school outpatient clinics had been established in the Drava Province, in addition to health camps and free or subsidized school meals featuring milk. School pediatricians were tasked with early detection and treatment of congenital and acquired health problems in schoolchildren, monitoring and preventing outbreaks of contagious diseases, and systematically examining children at school outpatient clinics. Regular services were provided by otolaryngologists, ophthalmologists and dentists. At the preventive level, school healthcare was involved in the provision of ergonomic classroom furnishings, physical education, nutrition through school meals, and vacation camps. It was also charged with performing sanitary inspections of school buildings and dormitories. All of these public healthcare activities contributed signifi cantly to better health in schoolchildren and lower morbidity rates, and thus also to an improved wellbeing of the Slovenian people.
In 1945, a class of 302 students enrolled at the newly established full Faculty of Medicine in Ljubljana with ten semesters of courses. Approximately 200 of them graduated five years later ...notwithstanding the faculty's deficiencies in staffing and funding. By the end of 2009, the Ljubljana Faculty of Medicine had trained over 8,500 doctors and dentists. The first class of teachers and students faced many problems, but solved them over time. The spatial situation was solved by government decrees that temporarily assigned the Sempeter barracks, the clinics and health centers of the Ljubljana Hospital to the Faculty of Medicine. Staffing difficulties were solved by awarding professorships to experts in various areas. The problem of textbooks was overcome by students taking notes during lectures and copying them. Initial over-enrollment was solved by academic selection with strict criteria. The student youth organization directed cultivation of the body and mind with political overtones, and led compulsory "volunteer" labor campaigns throughout Yugoslavia. With great effort, despite all the postwar deficiencies, and at the same time enthusiasm for success and the zeal of all involved, the school was formed. It was further developed, year after year, producing ever better doctors with increasingly greater knowledge, comparable to global standards.
Nuclear medicine began to be developed in the USA after 1938 when radionuclides were introduced into medicine and in Europe after radionuclides began to be produced at the Harwell reactor (England, ...1947). Slovenia began its first investigations in the 1950s. This article describes the development of nuclear medicine in Slovenia and Ljubljana. The first nuclear medicine interventions were performed in Slovenia at the Internal Clinic in Ljubljana in the period 1954-1959. In 1954, Dr Jože Satler started using radioactive iodine for thyroid investigations. In the same year, Dr Bojan Varl, who is considered the pioneer of nuclear medicine in Slovenia, began systematically introducing nuclear medicine. The first radioisotope laboratories were established in January 1960 at the Institute of Oncology and at the Internal Clinic. Under the direction of Dr. Varl, the laboratory at the Internal Clinic developed gradually and in 1973 became the Clinic for Nuclear Medicine with departments for in vivo and in vitro diagnostics and for the treatment of inpatients and outpatients at the thyroid department. The Clinic for Nuclear Medicine became a teaching unit of the Medical Faculty and developed its own post-graduate programme - the first student enrolled in 1972. In the 1960s, radioisotope laboratories opened in the general hospitals of Slovenj Gradec and Celje, and in the 1970s also in Maribor, Izola and Šempeter pri Novi Gorici.
Nowadays, nuclear medicine units are modernly equipped and the staff is trained in morphological, functional and laboratory diagnostics in clinical medicine. They also work on the treatment of cancer, increased thyroid function and other diseases.
Franjo Radsel (1899-1987) dedicated his life to the fight against tuberculosis. He started his career at the Golnik Sanatorium, and continued at the Slovenj Gradec Hospital and Maribor Hospital, ...where he headed the pulmonary ward. He set up antituberculosis clinics in the towns of crna, Lenart, Sentilj, Oplotnica and Poljcane and he worked at outpatient clinics in Trbovlje, Slovenska Bistrica, and Maribor. In his half century of effort (from 1926 to 1976), he carried out pioneering work in the fight against tuberculosis, contributed to the development of antituberculosis services in northeast Slovenia, and described the development of this service in Maribor.
Izvleček
Uvod: Leta 2013 mineva 60 let od izolacije virusa klopnega meningoencefalitisa (KME) v Sloveniji. Od takrat se slovenski infektologi, epidemiologi, virologi in drugi strokovnjaki strokovno ...in znanstvenoraziskovalno ukvarjajo s proučevanjem KME.
Metode:
Ob jubileju so s historiografskimi metodami analizirali objave skozi ta čas in pripravili retrospektivno študijo pojavljanja te bolezni pri nas.
Rezultati:
V nekaterih delih Slovenije se je v letih po drugi svetovni vojni začela pojavljati bolezen osrednjega živčevja, ki je do tedaj niso poznali. Leta 1953 so Milko Bedjanič in Slava Rus, oba infektologa, ter virologinja Jelka Vesenjak Zmijanac z osamitvijo virusa iz krvi bolnice dokazali, da je ta bolezen KME. Virologi so v naslednjih letih proučevali povzročitelja KME; številni epidemiologi so raziskovali njegove epidemiološke značilnost, entomologi in ornitologi ekosisteme arbovirusnih okužb, infektologi klinične in laboratorijske značilnosti okužb in potek okužb ter morebitne posledice bolezni. Mikrobiologi so izpopolnjevali možnosti diagnostike te okužbe. Razvili so tudi uspešno cepivo in zakonsko so določene skupine, ki se morajo obvezno cepiti.
Zaključki:
Bolezen se je pri Slovencih ustalila kot endemski tip KME, ki jo kliniki sicer dobro obvladujejo, a je skupen trud epidemiologov in javnega zdravja usmerjen v zvišanje precepljenosti proti KME, saj je v Sloveniji ta odstotek zelo nizek in se bolezen še vedno prekomerno pojavlja.
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