Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, in particular mGluR5, have been implicated in various forms of synaptic plasticity that are believed to underlie declarative memory. We observed that mGluR5 ...specifically activated a channel containing TRPC1, an isoform of the canonical family of transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels highly expressed in CA1-3 regions of the hippocampus. TRPC1 is able to form tetrameric complexes with TRPC4 and/or TRPC5 isoforms. TRPC1/4/5 complexes have recently been involved in the efficiency of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. We therefore used a mouse model devoid of TRPC1 expression to investigate the involvement of mGluR5-TRPC1 pathway in synaptic plasticity and memory formation.
mice showed alterations in spatial working memory and fear conditioning. Activation of mGluR increased synaptic excitability in neurons from WT but not from
mice. LTP triggered by a theta burst could not maintain over time in brain slices from
mice. mGluR-induced LTD was also impaired in these mice. Finally, acute inhibition of TRPC1 by Pico145 on isolated neurons or on brain slices mimicked the genetic depletion of
and inhibited mGluR-induced entry of cations and subsequent effects on synaptic plasticity, excluding developmental or compensatory mechanisms in
mice. In summary, our results indicate that TRPC1 plays a role in synaptic plasticity and spatial working memory processes.
In recent decades, much attention has been paid to using nanomaterials in the development of highly-sensitive sensors for environmental monitoring. This review describes how nanomaterials are being ...used to develop electrochemical sensing platforms for environmental analysis (air pollution, water quality, soil nutrients, and soil pathogens). In particular, we discuss the use of nanofabrication techniques (e.g., monolayer self-assembly, drop-casting, molecular imprinting, electrodeposition, in situ polymerization, hydrogenation, and 3D printing) in the fabrication of high-sensitive electrodes is addressed. The potential use of carbon, organic, inorganic, and hybrid nanomaterials in electrochemical sensing platforms and to enable automation, real-time detection, and multiplexed test development are also addressed. Recent applications of mobile, disposable, wearable, implantable, and self-powered electrochemical sensors for monitoring ions, particles, compounds, nutrients, microorganisms, and contaminants in real environmental samples are covered. Finally, the opportunities and challenges in nanofabrication high-performance electrochemical sensors and optimizing their performance in testing real samples are highlighted.
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•Various electrochemical sensor technologies for environmental monitoring were described.•Current trends in electrochemical sensors for monitoring air, water, and soil were covered.•Fabrication of electrochemical sensor platforms using different nanomaterial types was discussed.•Limitations and challenges related to sensor performance and mass production were discussed.
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