Highlights • H1:IC31 vaccination was well tolerated and had an acceptable safety profile. • Two vaccinations of 15 μg H1:IC31 induced the most durable immune response. • H1:IC31 induced long-lived ...memory CD4 T cells that co-express TNFα and IL-2.
Previous work has shown the ability of waveform LiDAR sensors to accurately describe various land cover types 1 and biomass estimates made in the field 2. What is lacking, however, is a way to ...describe the different structural components that are embedded in the digitized backscattered energy from the LiDAR pulse. This study aims to extract structural components from waveform LiDAR data in terms of woody, herbaceous, and bare ground components from data collected over a savanna environment in and around Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. These components are comprised of metrics extracted from the waveforms and validated using biomass measurements made in field plots. Different size windows around plot centers, 3 × 3 pixels and 9 × 9 pixels (resulting in 1.5m and 4.5 m footprint, respectively), were used to examine scale effects of larger footprints. It was found that composite waveforms resembling plot sizes (9 × 9) most often are able to describe more than 80% of the woody biomass variability across the entire study site, and individually for two of the three land uses within the area. However, the herbaceous component of the waveform did not correlate well with the field measurements, while the bare ground component was verified visually in a side-by-side comparison with optical imagery.
This study investigated the biomass patterns and sustainability of fuelwood extraction in the Lowveld of South Africa, where rural households are highly dependent on fuelwood from savannas. The ...objectives of this study were (i) to compare LiDAR-derived biomass between communal areas and references sites in conservation areas, and (ii) to investigate the sustainability of various future scenarios of fuelwood consumption, using a village-specific, supply-and-demand model based on biomass maps and socio-economic data. On granitic substrates the communal rangelands had an average of 12 ton/ha, which is less than half the biomass of the conservation sites. Under the current rate fuelwood consumption, i.e. 67% of households using fuelwood exclusively at an average of 3.5 ton per household per year, all biomass in the investigated site would be depleted within twelve years. Therefore, policies and interventions that promote the diversification of affordable energy alternatives and rural economic development are desperately needed.
Measurement and management of vegetation biomass accumulation in ecosystems typically involves extensive field data collection, which can be expensive and time consuming, while leaving the user with ...relatively crude inputs to intricate biomass models. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) remote sensing, which provides extensive height measurements of terrain and vegetation, has become an effective alternative to characterize vegetation structure. In this paper, we report on ongoing efforts at developing signal processing approaches to model herbaceous biomass using a new generation of airborne laser scanners, namely full-waveform LiDAR systems. Structural and statistic-based feature metrics are directly derived from LiDAR waveforms at the pixel level and related to plot-level field data. Initial results reveal a definite correlation between the LiDAR waveform and herbaceous biomass. Ongoing research focuses on the links between fractional cover estimated from imaging spectroscopy and woody biomass.
The manner of uptake or iron by Chinese hamster fibroblasts, type DON, from human transferrin was investigated by means of replacement studies, in which the cells that were incubated with ...125I-labelled human transferrin were chased with non-radioactive transferrin for only a few minutes. The results did not support the reversible endocytosis hypothesis for the uptake of iron from transferrin. The uptake of iron measured as 59Fe during several cell divisions was found to be a function of time and cell number. It was found that the total uptake of iron in the harvests was directly proportional to the incubation, and that the uptake per 10(6) cells levelled off in the course of time.
High resolution airborne hyperspectral and discrete return LiDAR data were used to assess bare soil and tree cover differences along a land use transect consisting of state-owned, privately-owned ...conservation areas, and communal areas in South African savannas. The results show that tree cover is higher in conservation areas as compared to communal areas where local people use fuel wood for personal consumption. Low impact communal sites (limited use) tend to have higher tree cover than higher impacted communal sites. Generally communal areas have altered tree height distribution but in diverse way depending on the geology or the level of human utilization. Bare soil cover was generally found to be quite low (< 10%) in all different land uses, suggesting that the degradation level in communal areas might not be as high as generally perceived.
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