We examine the behaviour of the infrared-radio correlation (IRRC) over the range 0 <z ≲ 6 using new, highly sensitive 3 GHz observations with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and infrared ...data from the Herschel Space Observatory in the 2 deg2 COSMOS field. We distinguish between objects where emission is believed to arise solely from star-formation, and those where an active galactic nucleus (AGN) is thought to be present. We account for non-detections in the radio or in the infrared using a doubly-censored survival analysis. We find that the IRRC of star-forming galaxies, quantified by the infrared-to-1.4 GHz radio luminosity ratio (qTIR), decreases with increasing redshift: qTIR(z) = (2.88 ± 0.03)(1 + z)− 0.19 ± 0.01. This is consistent with several previous results from the literature. Moderate-to-high radiative luminosity AGN do not follow the same qTIR(z) trend as star-forming galaxies, having a lower normalisation and steeper decrease with redshift. We cannot rule out the possibility that unidentified AGN contributions only to the radio regime may be steepening the observed qTIR(z) trend of the star-forming galaxy population. We demonstrate that the choice of the average radio spectral index directly affects the normalisation, as well as the derived trend with redshift of the IRRC. An increasing fractional contribution to the observed 3 GHz flux by free-free emission of star-forming galaxies may also affect the derived evolution. However, we find that the standard (M82-based) assumption of the typical radio spectral energy distribution (SED) for star-forming galaxies is inconsistent with our results. This suggests a more complex shape of the typical radio SED for star-forming galaxies, and that imperfect K corrections in the radio may govern the derived trend of decreasing qTIR with increasing redshift. A more detailed understanding of the radio spectrum is therefore required for robust K corrections in the radio and to fully understand the cosmic evolution of the IRRC. Lastly, we present a redshift-dependent relation between rest-frame 1.4 GHz radio luminosity and star formation rate taking the derived redshift trend into account.
Active galactic nuclei: what’s in a name? Padovani, P.; Alexander, D. M.; Assef, R. J. ...
The Astronomy and astrophysics review,
11/2017, Letnik:
25, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Abstract
We present results on the dust attenuation of galaxies at redshift ∼3–6 by studying the relationship between the UV spectral slope (βUV) and the infrared excess (IRX; L
IR/L
UV) using ...Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) far-infrared continuum observations. Our study is based on a sample of 67 massive, star-forming galaxies with a median mass of M
* ∼ 1010.7 M
⊙ spanning a redshift range z = 2.6–3.7 (median z = 3.2) that were observed with ALMA at
$\lambda _{\text{rest}}=300\,{\rm \mu m}$
. Both the individual ALMA detections (41 sources) and stacks including all galaxies show the IRX–βUV relationship at z ∼ 3 is mostly consistent with that of local starburst galaxies on average. However, we find evidence for a large dispersion around the mean relationship by up to ±0.5 dex. Nevertheless, the locally calibrated dust correction factors based on the IRX–βUV relation are on average applicable to main-sequence z ∼ 3 galaxies. This does not appear to be the case at even higher redshifts, however. Using public ALMA observations of z ∼ 4–6 galaxies we find evidence for a significant evolution in the IRX–βUV and the IRX–M
* relations beyond z ∼ 3 towards lower IRX values. We discuss several caveats that could affect these results, including the assumed dust temperature. ALMA observations of larger z > 3 galaxy sample spanning a wide range of physical parameters (e.g. lower stellar mass) will be important to investigate this intriguing redshift evolution further.
Using spectroscopic observations taken for the Visible Multi-Object Spectrograph (VIMOS) Ultra-Deep Survey (VUDS) we report here on the discovery of PCl J1001+0220, a massive proto-cluster of ...galaxies located at zspec ~ 4.57 in the COSMOS field. With nine spectroscopic members, the proto-cluster was initially detected as a ~12σ spectroscopic overdensity of typical star-forming galaxies in the blind spectroscopic survey of the early universe (2 < z ≲ 6) performed by VUDS. It was further mapped using a new technique developed which statistically combines spectroscopic and photometric redshifts, the latter derived from a recent compilation of incredibly deep multi-band imaging performed on the COSMOS field. Through various methods, the descendant mass of PCl J1001+0220 is estimated to be log (Mh/M⊙)z=0 $\log(\mathcal{M}_{h}/\mathcal{M}_{\odot})_{z=0}$log(Mh/M⊙)z=0 ~ 14.5–15 with a large amount of mass apparently already in place at z ~ 4.57. An exhaustive comparison was made between the properties of various spectroscopic and photometric member samples and matched samples of galaxies inhabiting less dense environments at the same redshifts. Tentative evidence is found for a fractional excess of older galaxies more massive in their stellar content amongst the member samples relative to the coeval field, an observation which suggests the pervasive early onset of vigorous star formation for proto-cluster galaxies. No evidence is found for the differences in the star formation rates (SFRs) of member and coeval field galaxies either through estimating by means of the rest-frame ultraviolet or through separately stacking extremely deep Very Large Array 3 GHz imaging for both samples. Additionally, no evidence for pervasive strong active galactic nuclei (AGN) activity is observed in either environment. Analysis of Hubble Space Telescope images of both sets of galaxies as well as their immediate surroundings provides weak evidence for an elevated incidence of galaxy–galaxy interaction within the bounds of the proto-cluster. The stacked and individual spectral properties of the two samples are compared, with a definite suppression of Lyα seen in the average member galaxy relative to the coeval field ( fesc, Lyα = 1.8−1.7+0.3 $f_{esc, \, \textrm{Ly}\alpha} = 1.8^{+0.3}_{-1.7}$fesc, Lyα=1.8−1.7+0.3% and 4.0−0.8+1.0 $4.0^{+1.0}_{-0.8}$4.0−0.8+1.0%, respectively). This observation along with other lines of evidence leads us to infer the possible presence of a large, cool, diffuse medium within the proto-cluster environment evocative of a nascent intracluster medium forming in the early universe.
ABSTRACT The observed evolution of the gas fraction and its associated depletion time in main-sequence (MS) galaxies provides insights on how star formation proceeds over cosmic time. We report ALMA ...detections of the rest-frame ∼300 m continuum observed at 240 GHz for 45 massive ( ), normal star-forming ( ), i.e., MS, galaxies at in the COSMOS field. From an empirical calibration between cold neutral, i.e., molecular and atomic, gas mass and monochromatic (rest-frame) infrared luminosity, the gas mass for this sample is derived. Combined with stellar mass and star formation rate (SFR) estimates (from MagPhys fits) we obtain a median gas fraction of and a median gas depletion time correction for the location on the MS will only slightly change the values. The reported uncertainties are the error on the median. Our results are fully consistent with the expected flattening of the redshift evolution from the 2-SFM (2 star formation mode) framework which empirically prescribes the evolution assuming a universal, log-linear relation between SFR and gas mass coupled to the redshift evolution of the specific star formation rate (sSFR) of MS galaxies. While shows only a mild dependence on location within the MS, a clear trend of increasing across the MS is observed (as known from previous studies). Further, we comment on trends within the MS and (in)consistencies with other studies.
Based on a sample of over 1800 radio AGN at redshifts out to z ~ 5, which have typical stellar masses within ~3 × (1010 − 1011)M⊙, and 3 GHz radio data in the COSMOS field, we derived the 1.4 GHz ...radio luminosity functions for radio AGN (L1.4 GHz~ 1022 − 1027 W Hz-1) out to z ~ 5. We constrained the evolution of this population via continuous models of pure density and pure luminosity evolutions, and we found best-fit parametrizations of Φ∗ ∝ (1 + z)(2.00 ± 0.18) − (0.60 ± 0.14)z, and L∗ ∝ (1 + z)(2.88 ± 0.82) − (0.84 ± 0.34)z, respectively, with a turnover in number and luminosity densities of the population at z ≈ 1.5. We converted 1.4 GHz luminosity to kinetic luminosity taking uncertainties of the scaling relation used into account. We thereby derived the cosmic evolution of the kinetic luminosity density provided by the AGN and compared this luminosity density to the radio-mode AGN feedback assumed in the Semi-Analytic Galaxy Evolution (SAGE) model, i.e., to the redshift evolution of the central supermassive black hole accretion luminosity taken in the model as the source of heating that offsets the energy losses of the cooling, hot halo gas, and thereby limits further stellar mass growth of massive galaxies. We find that the kinetic luminosity exerted by our radio AGN may be high enough to balance the radiative cooling of the hot gas at each cosmic epoch since z ~ 5. However, although our findings support the idea of radio-mode AGN feedback as a cosmologically relevant process in massive galaxy formation, many simplifications in both the observational and semi-analytic approaches still remain and need to be resolved before robust conclusions can be reached.
We make use of the deep Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) COSMOS radio observations at 3 GHz to infer radio luminosity functions of star-forming galaxies up to redshifts of z ~ 5 based on ...approximately 6000 detections with reliable optical counterparts. This is currently the largest radio-selected sample available out to z ~ 5 across an area of 2 square degrees with a sensitivity of rms ≈ 2.3 μJy beam-1. By fixing the faint and bright end shape of the radio luminosity function to the local values, we find a strong redshift trend that can be fitted with a pure luminosity evolution L1.4 GHz ∝ (1 + z)(3.16 ± 0.2)−(0.32 ± 0.07)z. We estimate star formation rates (SFRs) from our radio luminosities using an infrared (IR)-radio correlation that is redshift dependent. By integrating the parametric fits of the evolved luminosity function we calculate the cosmic SFR density (SFRD) history since z ~ 5. Our data suggest that the SFRD history peaks between 2 < z < 3 and that the ultraluminous infrared galaxies (100 M⊙ yr-1 < SFR < 1000 M⊙ yr-1) contribute up to ~25% to the total SFRD in the same redshift range. Hyperluminous infrared galaxies (SFR > 1000 M⊙ yr-1) contribute an additional ≲2% in the entire observed redshift range. We find evidence of a potential underestimation of SFRD based on ultraviolet (UV) rest-frame observations of Lyman break galaxies at high redshifts (z ≳ 4) on the order of 15–20%, owing to appreciable star formation in highly dust-obscured galaxies, which might remain undetected in such UV observations.
We explore the multiwavelength properties of AGN host galaxies for different classes of radio-selected AGN out to z ≲ 6 via a multiwavelength analysis of about 7700 radio sources in the COSMOS field. ...The sources were selected with the Very Large Array (VLA) at 3 GHz (10 cm) within the VLA–COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project, and cross-matched with multiwavelength ancillary data. This is the largest sample of high-redshift (z ≲ 6) radio sources with exquisite photometric coverage and redshift measurements available. We constructed a sample of moderate-to-high radiative luminosity AGN (HLAGN) via spectral energy distribution decomposition combined with standard X-ray and mid-infrared diagnostics. Within the remainder of the sample we further identified low-to-moderate radiative luminosity AGN (MLAGN) via excess in radio emission relative to the star formation rates in their host galaxies. We show that at each redshift our HLAGN havesystematically higher radiative luminosities than MLAGN and that their AGN power occurs predominantly in radiative form, while MLAGN display a substantial mechanical AGN luminosity component. We found significant differences in the host properties of the two AGN classes, as a function of redshift. At z< 1.5, MLAGN appear to reside in significantly more massive and less star-forming galaxies compared to HLAGN. At z> 1.5, we observed a reversal in the behaviour of the stellar mass distributions with the HLAGN populating the higher stellar mass tail. We interpret this finding as a possible hint of the downsizing of galaxies hosting HLAGN, with the most massive galaxies triggering AGN activity earlier than less massive galaxies, and then fading to MLAGN at lower redshifts. Our conclusion is that HLAGN and MLAGN samples trace two distinct galaxy and AGN populations in a wide range of redshifts, possibly resembling the radio AGN types often referred to as radiative- and jet-mode (or high- and low-excitation), respectively, whose properties might depend on the different availability of cold gas supplies.
We have studied a sample of 1604 moderate-to-high radiative luminosity active galactic nuclei (HLAGN) selected at 3 GHz within the VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project. These were classified by combining ...multiple AGN diagnostics: X-ray data, mid-infrared data and broadband spectral energy distribution fitting. We decomposed the total radio 1.4 GHz luminosity (L1.4 GHz, TOT) into the emission originating from star formation and AGN activity by measuring the excess in L1.4 GHz, TOT relative to the infrared-radio correlation of star-forming galaxies. To quantify the excess, for each source we calculated the AGN fraction (fAGN) defined as the fractional contribution of AGN activity to L1.4 GHz, TOT. The majority of the HLAGN, (68.0 ± 1.5)%, are dominated by star-forming processes (fAGN ≤ 0.5), while (32.0 ± 1.5)% are dominated by AGN-related radio emission (0.5 < fAGN ≤ 1). We used the AGN-related 1.4 GHz emission to derive the 1.4 GHz AGN luminosity functions of HLAGN. By assuming pure density and pure luminosity evolution models we constrained their cosmic evolution out to z ∼ 6, finding Φ*(z)∝(1 + z)(2.64 ± 0.10)+(−0.61 ± 0.04)z and L*(z)∝(1 + z)(3.97 ± 0.15)+(−0.92 ± 0.06)z. These evolutionary laws show that the number and luminosity density of HLAGN increased from higher redshifts (z ∼ 6) up to a maximum in the redshift range 1 < z < 2.5, followed by a decline toward local values. By scaling the 1.4 GHz AGN luminosity to kinetic luminosity using the standard conversion, we estimate the kinetic luminosity density as a function of redshift. We compare our result to the semi-analytic models of radio mode feedback, and find that this feedback could have played an important role in the context of AGN-host co-evolution in HLAGN which shows evidence of AGN-related radio emission (fAGN > 0).
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