The author of this paper investigates the content and dynamics of the change of criminal liability of legal persons for criminal offenses and the characteristics of the regulation of environmental ...crimes in Chapter XX of the "new" of the Criminal Code. The author refers to the initial coherency and the importance of environmental crimes in regulating the liability of legal persons for criminal offenses and recalls that when defining the scope of legal protection of the environment, two basic features of criminal law - subsidiarity and fragmentation, should not be neglected, criminal law appears as ultima ratio. The author emphasizes the need to invest a lot of effort so that Croatian modern criminal legislation does not remain only a framework, but become a powerful instrument of the struggle for effective protection of the environment. To achieve this goal continuing education, as well as political support is needed.
Intrigantna pravna problematika potaknuta odlukama nadležnih sudova iz 2018. godine angažirala je znanstvenu znatiželju analizi kaznenog djela davanja lažnog iskaza. Pri tome je cilj rada bio ...razjasniti tko i kada može počiniti ovo djelo, može li se ono počiniti šutnjom, kada je djelo dovršeno, kako dokazati laž, kako zastarni rokovi djeluju na učinkovito procesuiranje ovoga djela. Analiza bića i progona kaznenog djela davanja lažnog iskaza ukazuje na važnost integralnog pristupa realitetu kaznenog djela. Djelo mogu počiniti svjedok, vještak, prevoditelj, tumač i stranka u postupku osim okrivljenika. Djelo se može počiniti i šutnjom jer iskaz svjedoka mora biti okolnosan, vjerodostojan i istinit. Okrivljenik za razliku od svjedoka može i lagati u svome iskazu jer nije dužan iskazivati, pa nije dužan niti istinito iskazivati. Eventualnu laž iznimno je teško dokazati posebno kada se iskaz odnosi na sjećanje o nekom događaju. Davanje lažnog iskaza je formalno kazneno djelo koje je dovršeno u trenutku kada je iskaz dan.
The intriguing legal issues prompted by the decisions of the competent courts in 2018 engaged scientific curiosity in the analysis of the criminal offense of false testimony. The aim of the paper was to clarify
who and when can commit this offense, whether it can be committed by silence, when is the offence completed, how to prove a lie, how statute of limitations affects the effective processing of this offense. The analysis of the nature and persecution of the criminal offense of false testimony indicates the importance of an integral approach to the reality of the criminal offenses. The offense may be committed by a witness, expert witness, translator, interpreter and a party to the proceedings other than the defendant. The offence can also be committed by silence, because the testimony of the witness must be circumstantial,
credible and true. Unlike witnesses, the defendant can lie in his testimony because he is not obliged to testify, so he is not obliged to testify truthfully. A possible lie is extremely difficult to prove, especially when the statement refers to the memory of an event. False testimony is a formal criminal offense that is completed at the time the
testimony is given.
After a short introduction to Croatia’s accession to the EU, this paper deals with the obligations for national courts arising from EU membership in a historical overview and the current state. ...Furthermore, the relationship between the Croatian Constitutional Court, the Croatian Supreme Court, and the Court of Justice of the European Union in national case law is analysed. In addition, the hierarchy of national and EU laws is questioned, as is the notion of constitutional identity. The relationship between the national constitutional courts of the EU member states, the national Supreme Court, and the CJEU is not conceived as a relation of subordination, but of communication and dialogue, the ultimate goal of which is the harmonisation of the acquis of the EU member states and legal security for all its citizens, while at the same time respecting the specificities of each member state.
Die Autorin dieses Artikels untersucht den Inhalt und die Dynamik der Änderungen der strafrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit juristischer Personen für die Straftaten und die Eigentümlichkeiten der ...Umweltstraftatenregulierung im Kapitel XX. des „neuen“ Strafgesetzbuches. Sie bezieht sich auf die anfängliche Verwicklung und Bedeutung der Umweltstraftaten bei der Regulierung der Verantwortlichkeit der juristischen Personen für die Straftaten und erinnert daran, daβ bei der Festlegung des Umfangs des Strafrechtlichenschutzes der Umwelt – auf zwei Grundeigenheiten des Strafrechts Aufmersamkeit zu lenken ist: Subsidiarität und der fragmentarische Charakter; das Strafrecht erscheint als ultima ratio. Die Autorin betont die Notwendigkeit - es soll noch viel unternommen werden, um nicht nur beim kroatischen modernen Strafrecht im Bezugsrahmen zu bleiben, sondern ein mächtiges Instrument des Kampfes für einen wirksamen Schutz der Umwelt zu schaffen. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, ist zuerst ständigkeite Weiterbildung sowie die politische Unterstützung erforderlich.
Die Autorin dieses Artikels untersucht den Inhalt und die Dynamik der Änderungen der strafrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit juristischer Personen für die Straftaten und die Eigentümlichkeiten der ...Umweltstraftatenregulierung im Kapitel XX. des „neuen“ Strafgesetzbuches. Sie bezieht sich auf die anfängliche Verwicklung und Bedeutung der Umweltstraftaten bei der Regulierung der Verantwortlichkeit der juristischen Personen für die Straftaten und erinnert daran, daß bei der Festlegung des Umfangs des Strafrechtlichenschutzes der Umwelt – auf zwei Grundeigenheiten des Strafrechts Aufmersamkeit zu lenken ist: Subsidiarität und der fragmentarische Charakter; das Strafrecht erscheint als ultima ratio. Die Autorin betont die Notwendigkeit - es soll noch viel unternommen werden, um nicht nur beim kroatischen modernen Strafrecht im Bezugsrahmen zu bleiben, sondern ein mächtiges Instrument des Kampfes für einen wirksamen Schutz der Umwelt zu schaffen. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, ist zuerst ständigkeite Weiterbildung sowie die politische Unterstützung erforderlich.
Široki pravni okvir propisanih kažnjivih ponašanja fizičkih i pravnih osoba tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19, prouzročene virusom SARS-CoV-2, omogućuje kažnjavanje sankcijama različite pravne ...prirode. U radu se razgraničavaju moguća kažnjiva ponašanja fizičkih i pravnih osoba u kontekstu pandemije između kaznenog, prekršajnog i upravnog prava. Autori najprije analiziraju odgovornost za kaznena djela širenja i prenošenja zarazne bolesti te krivotvorenja lijekova ili medicinskih proizvoda. Posebno se naglašava problem eventualne odgovornosti liječnika i drugih zdravstvenih djelatnika i zdravstvenih ustanova za nemogućnost pristupa zdravstvenim uslugama kao i njihovu odgovornost u vezi s prevencijom, dijagnosticiranjem i liječenjem građana. Zaključno, autori analiziraju široki spektar prekršajne odgovornosti i upravnopravnih mehanizama prisilnog izvršenja novčanih kazni.
The wide legal framework of prescribed criminal behavior of natural persons and legal entities during the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has made possible punishment with sanctions of a various legal nature. In this paper, possible punishable behavior of natural persons and legal entities are categorized within the context of the pandemic into criminal, misdemeanor, and administrative law. The authors firstly analyze liability for criminal acts of spreading and transmitting infectious diseases as well as fraudulent medicines and medical products. In particular, there is the problem of eventual liability of physicians and other healthcare workers and healthcare institutions for making access to other healthcare services impossible. This includes their liability towards citizens in the areas of prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Finally, the authors analyze a wide spectrum of misdemeanor liability and administrative mechanisms of forced execution of monetary fines.
The authors of the paper analyse the offense of electoral fraud as one of the criminal offenses against electoral rights in the Criminal Code of 2011. After a brief comparison to the offence as ...regulated in the previous Criminal Code, a criminological analysis indicates extremely low incidence in relation to the general incidence of crime in the Republic of Croatia, both in terms of reported perpetrators, as well as in relation to the prosecution and conviction of adult perpetrators. Therefore, the authors accentuate the problem of the dark figure and suggest alternative methods of estimating the prevalence and incidence of electoral fraud. The evaluation of a final judgment before the Municipal Court in Split from 2010 reveals the phenomenology and clues of etiology of the offence. As a result of the research into the offense with a focus on the perpetrators, the concept of elections and acts of committing, electoral fraud is defined as a delictum communium and a criminal offense of counterfeiting, deprived of misleading or keeping in mistaken belief by misrepresentation or concealment of facts, which is inherent to fraud. Aimed at eliminating the identified deficiencies and promoting inevitable changes in the voting procedure in the direction of electronic voting, the authors propose changes to the incrimination de lege ferenda.
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