Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways constitute a large modular network that regulates a variety of physiological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptotic cell ...death. The function of the ERK pathway has been depicted as survival-promoting, in essence by opposing the proapoptotic activity of the stress-activated c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 MAPK pathways. However, recently published work suggests that extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway activity is suppressed by JNK/p38 kinases during apoptosis induction. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about JNK/p38-mediated mechanisms that negatively regulate the ERK pathway. In particular, we will focus on phosphatases (PP2A, MKPs) as inhibitors of ERK pathway activity in regulating apoptosis. A model proposed in this review places the negative regulation of the ERK pathway in a central position for the cellular decision-making process that determines whether cells will live or die in response to apoptosis-promoting signals. In addition, we will discuss the potential functional relevance of negative regulation of ERK pathway activity, for physiological and pathological conditions (e.g., cellular transformation).--Junttila, M.R., Li, S.-P., Westermarck, J. Phosphatase-mediated crosstalk between MAPK signaling pathways in the regulation of cell survival.
This paper surveys the extant research in the field of ocean container transport. A wide range of issues is discussed including strategic planning, tactical planning and operations management issues, ...which are categorized into six research areas. The relationships between these research areas are discussed and the relevant literature is reviewed. Representative models are selected or modified to provide a flavour of their functions and application context, and used to explain current shipping practices. Future research opportunities bearing in mind the emerging phenomena in the field are discussed. The main purpose is to raise awareness and encourage more research into and application of operations management techniques and tools in container transport chains.
C−H functionalization has been established as a powerful strategy for the commercial construction of organic molecules. This review encompasses the most recent advances in C−H activation catalyzed by ...earth‐abundant cobalt complexes, involving two types of fundamental reaction paths, that is, the concerted metalation–deprotonation (CMD) path associated with non‐oxidative C−H activation and the intermolecular single‐electron‐transfer (SET) path. Transformations catalyzed by high‐valent cobalt based on the two mechanisms and used in organic syntheses, including those involving C−C and C−X (X=O and N) bond formation, are herein presented.
C−H functionalization is a powerful strategy for the construction of organic molecules. This review encompasses the most recent advances in C−H activation catalyzed by earth‐abundant cobalt complexes, involving two types of fundamental reaction paths, that is, the concerted metalation–deprotonation path associated with non‐oxidative C−H activation and the intermolecular single‐electron‐transfer path. DG=Directing group.
The consensus recommendations in 2018 from The Chinese Society of Hematology (CSH) on indications, conditioning regimens and donor selection for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ...(allo-HSCT) facilitated the standardization of clinical practices of allo-HSCT in China and progressive integration with the world. There have been new developments since the initial publication. To integrate recent developments and further improve the consensus, a panel of experts from the CSH recently updated the consensus recommendations, which are summarized as follows: (1) there is a new algorithm for selecting appropriate donors for allo-HSCT candidates. Haploidentical donors (HIDs) are the preferred donor choice over matched sibling donors (MSDs) for patients with high-risk leukemia or elderly patients with young offspring donors in experienced centers. This replaces the previous algorithm for donor selection, which favored MSDs over HIDs. (2) Patients with refractory/relapsed lymphoblastic malignancies are now encouraged to undergo salvage treatment with novel immunotherapies prior to HSCT. (3) The consensus has been updated to reflect additional evidence for the application of allo-HSCT in specific groups of patients with hematological malignancies (intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML), favorable-risk AML with positive minimal residual disease, and standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia). (4) The consensus has been updated to reflect additional evidence for the application of HSCT in patients with nonmalignant diseases, such as severe aplastic anemia and inherited diseases. (5) The consensus has been updated to reflect additional evidence for the administration of anti-thymocyte globulin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factors and post-transplantation cyclophosphamide in HID-HSCT.
Highlights
The rGH@FeNi/epoxy electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composites with regular 3D honeycomb structures were prepared by sacrificial template, freeze-drying and vacuum-assisted ...impregnation of epoxy resin.
The construction of 3D honeycomb structure and electromagnetic synergistic effect significantly increase the EMI shielding effectiveness and reduce the secondary contamination.
The rGH@FeNi/epoxy composites possess excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties.
With the rapid development of fifth-generation mobile communication technology and wearable electronic devices, electromagnetic interference and radiation pollution caused by electromagnetic waves have attracted worldwide attention. Therefore, the design and development of highly efficient EMI shielding materials are of great importance. In this work, the three-dimensional graphene oxide (GO) with regular honeycomb structure (GH) is firstly constructed by sacrificial template and freeze-drying methods. Then, the amino functionalized FeNi alloy particles (
f
-FeNi) are loaded on the GH skeleton followed by in-situ reduction to prepare rGH@FeNi aerogel. Finally, the rGH@FeNi/epoxy EMI shielding composites with regular honeycomb structure is obtained by vacuum-assisted impregnation of epoxy resin. Benefitting from the construction of regular honeycomb structure and electromagnetic synergistic effect, the rGH@FeNi/epoxy composites with a low rGH@FeNi mass fraction of 2.1 wt% (rGH and
f
-FeNi are 1.2 and 0.9 wt%, respectively) exhibit a high EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 46 dB, which is 5.8 times of that (8 dB) for rGO/FeNi/epoxy composites with the same rGO/FeNi mass fraction. At the same time, the rGH@FeNi/epoxy composites also possess excellent thermal stability (heat-resistance index and temperature at the maximum decomposition rate are 179.1 and 389.0 °C respectively) and mechanical properties (storage modulus is 8296.2 MPa).
A novel hybrid option pricing model using a deep learning neural network has been developed. The hybrid model keeps the traditional option pricing model with the same input parameters while ...simultaneously adjusting the model with neural network methods to improve accuracy when applied to real market data, especially in OTM options. The new hybrid model demonstrates superior accuracy compared to both traditional parametric and non-parametric option pricing models for both Call and Put options across all moneyness levels. The empirical results of the hybrid model provide an explanation for the deviation from the Put-Call parity observed in real market data.
This paper investigates the pricing of double barrier options when the price change of the underlying is considered as a fractal transmission system. In this scenario, the option price is governed by ...a modified Black–Scholes equation with a time-fractional derivative. In comparison with standard derivatives of integer order, the fractional-order derivatives are characterized by their “globalness”, i.e., the rate of change of a function near a point is affected by the property of the function defined in the entire domain of definition rather than just near the point itself. The existence of the time-fractional derivative, in conjunction with the presence of two barriers of the double-barrier options, has added an additional degree of difficulty not only when a purely numerical solution is sought but also when an analytical method is attempted. Albeit difficult, we have managed to find an explicit closed-form analytical solution for double-barrier options, which has been taken to price the single barrier options and European path-independent options under the same framework as a special case of the current solution. In addition, not only have we provided a theoretical proof for the convergence of the newly-found analytic solution in series form, which is a vital step to show the closeness of our solution, we have also proposed an efficient numerical evaluation technique to facilitate the implementation of our formula so that it can be easily used in trading practice.
The authors report first a new type of nitrogen‐triggered Zn single atom catalyst, demonstrating high catalytic activity and remarkable durability for the oxygen reduction reaction process. Both ...X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra and theoretical calculations suggest that the atomically dispersed Zn‐N4 site is the main, as well as the most active, component with O adsorption as the rate‐limiting step at a low overpotential of 1.70 V. This work opens a new field for the exploration of high‐performance Pt‐free electrochemical oxygen reduction catalysts for fuel cells.
The new nitrogen‐triggered Zn single‐atom catalyst shows high catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) process. The characterization and theoretical calculations suggest that the main active site is the dispersed Zn‐N4 moiety, with O adsorption as the rate‐limiting step at a low overpotential of 1.70 V. The single‐atom ZnNx/C catalyst is one of the most promising Pt alternatives for the ORR process.
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