Wheat cultivars differ in their response to nitrogen (N) fertilizer, both in terms of its uptake and utilization. Characterizing this variation is an important step in improving the N use efficiency ...(NUE) of future cultivars while maximizing production (yield) potential. In this study, we compared the agronomic performance of 48 diverse wheat cultivars released between 1936 and 2016 at low and high N input levels in field conditions to assess the relationship between NUE and its components. Agronomic trait values were significantly lower in the low N treatment, and the cultivars tested showed a significant variation for all traits (apart from the N remobilization efficiency), indicating that response is genotype-dependent, although significant genotype × environment effects were also observed. Overall, we show a varietal improvement in NUE over time of 0.33 and 0.30% year
–1
at low and high N, respectively, and propose that this is driven predominantly by varietal selection for increased yield. More complete understanding of the components of these improvements will inform future targeted breeding and selection strategies to support a reduction in fertilizer use while maintaining productivity.
An increased awareness of environmental protection and sustainable production raise the necessity of incorporating the selection of low nitrogen-tolerant winter wheat cultivars for high yield and ...quality in the breeding process. This selection can be assisted by using stress screening indices. Our study aimed to evaluate and compare a number of stress screening indices and to determine and select the most nitrogen deficiency-tolerant winter wheat cultivars for further breeding. The experiment included forty-eight winter wheat cultivars from eight different countries that were grown for two consecutive years at three different locations under low-nitrogen (LN) and high-nitrogen (HN) conditions. The results emphasized the importance of applying the appropriate stress screening indices in evaluating and selecting nitrogen deficiency-tolerant wheat cultivars. The promising stress screening indices were the mean productivity index (MP), geometric mean productivity index (GMP), harmonic mean index (HM), stress tolerance index (STI) and yield index (YI). They identified cultivars Sofru, BC Opsesija and MV-Nemere as the most tolerant cultivars to LN conditions for grain yield. The same indices classified U-1, OS-Olimpija, Forcali, Viktoria and BC Tena cultivars as the most tolerant to LN conditions for the grain protein content. Using the tolerance index (TOL), yield stability index (YSI) and relative stress index (RSI), the Katarina and Ficko cultivars were denoted as LN-tolerant cultivars in terms of the grain yield and Isengrain, Tosunbey, Vulkan and BC Darija in terms of the grain protein content.
Characterizing concentrations of several beneficiary and toxic metals in maize leaves is of importance for ionomic studies and for silage production. The intermated B73 × Mo17 maize population (IBM) ...was evaluated for concentrations of eight metals (cadmium – Cd, copper – Cu, iron – Fe, potassium – K, magnesium – Mg, manganese – Mn, strontium – Sr and zinc – Zn) in ear‐leaf to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) with 2161 molecular markers across the genome. QTL analysis revealed nine significant QTLs for concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg and Sr combined over two environments. Median resolution for the QTL interval was less than 1 cM on a regular F2 map, which is a big improvement compared with the prior mapping (8 cM). The highest LOD scores of 15.52 and 15.31 were detected for K and Cd concentrations, respectively, explaining more than 20 percent of the phenotypic variance. No QTLs were found to be colocalized. QTL mapping in the IBM population did not confirm our earlier QTL results demonstrating considerable QTL ×genetic background interaction. The only exception is confirmation of the major QTL for Cd accumulation on chromosome 2. Our results could facilitate further genetic and physical mapping of genes for metal accumulation in maize.
A research of seed storage period and storage temperature effects upon the seed quality and seedlings traits for the seeds of two perennial ryegrass cultivars (Bartwingo and Calibra) was conducted. ...Seeds were stored in hermetically sealed glass dishes at four different temperatures (room temperature about 21°C, 10°C, -20°C and -80°C) and for three different periods (9, 18 and 30 months). Upon completing the storage treatments the seed and seedling traits were tested by the rolled filter paper method. The research has revealed significant effects of storage temperature, storage period, cultivar and interactions upon all the investigated traits. The highest germination energy, germination and seedling plumule length were observed after the shortest (9-month) storage period, and the least after the longest (30-month) storage period. Seedling radicule was longest after 18-month storage period and shortest after 30 months. All the investigated traits had the highest values when seeds were stored at -80°C, and the least when the seeds were stored at room temperature. Cultivar Bartwingo has shown a greater germination energy and germination but Calibra has shown a greater seedling radicule and plumule length.
Istraživanje je provedeno u laboratorijskim uvjetima naklijavanjem kultivara sjemena bijele djeteline (Trifolium repens L.) u klima komori uz prethodno tretiranje sjemena magnetskim poljem. ...Predtretman sjemena stacioniranim magnetskim poljem od 250 mT proveden je na dva kultivara bijele djeteline, Apolo i Merlyn. Sjeme je bilo izloženo neodimijskom magnetu različitom vremenu trajanja: kontrola (bez tretmana), 5 min., 30 min. i 60 min. Ispitivanje svojstava sjemena provedeno je u klima komori po pravilima ISTA. Određena su svojstva energija klijanja i klijavost sjemena, dužina korijena i stabljike te izračunata ukupna dužina klijanaca. Vrijeme izloženosti magnetskom polju (MP) značajno je utjecalo na dužinu korijena (p<0,01) i ukupnu dužinu klijanaca (p<0,05). Između kultivara dobivene su značajne razlike za energiju klijanja i klijavost sjemena (p<0,01), dužinu stabljike i ukupnu dužinu klijanaca (p<0,05). Kultivari su različito reagirali na vrijeme izloženosti magnetskom polju te su dobivene značajne interakcije između tretmana MP i kultivara za sva ispitivana svojstva osim za dužinu stabljike klijanaca.
The study was carried out under laboratory conditions by germinating cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in a climate chamber with pretreatment of the seeds with a magnetic field. The pretreatment of the seeds with a stationary magnetic field of 250 mT was carried out on two white clover varieties, Apolo and Merlyn. The seeds was exposed to a neodymium magnet for different times: control (no treatment), 5 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes. Seed properties was tested in a climate chamber according to ISTA rules. The properties of germination energy and seed germination, root and stem length and total seedling length were calculated. The time of exposure to the magnetic field (MF) significantly influenced root length (p<0.01) and total seedling length (p<0.05). Significant differences between cultivars were found for germination energy and seed germination (p<0.01), stem length and total seedling length (p<0.05). Cultivars responded differently to the time of magnetic field exposure and significant interactions were found between MF treatment and cultivars for all tested traits except seedling stem length.
The goal of the research was to determine the influence of two locations (Osijek and Vinkovci) and seed age on field germination, vegetative mass and dry matter of vegetative mass yields, grain ...yield, 1000 grain weight and grain crude protein yield of foreign spring field pea cultivar (Timo) during two successive years (2004 and 2005). The year has significantly influenced the grain yield, and the location influenced the grain yield and 1000 grain weight. In the first year of research, the greater grain yield by 70 % was accomplished on Osijek location, and in the second year it almost doubled. 1000 grain weight was by 19 % greater in the second year of research on Osijek location in relation to Vinkovci location. The same cultivar seed stored for 9 and 21 months were sown on both locations in the second year of investigation. Field germination of 9 month old seed was for 12.1 % greater than 21 month old seed. Seed maturity and location interaction was significant (p=0.05) for vegetative mass yield, dry matter of vegetative mass yield, grain yield and grain crude protein yield.
The pH of the surrounding media is one of the environmental factors that can severely limited legume growth and development. We preliminary examined the effect of four pH levels of germination media ...(4, 5, 6 and 7) on α-amylase activity, seed germination and radiclelength of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and traits correlations to evaluate the significance of obtained relationships in development ofan screening method for pH tolerance in the earliest phases of plant growth. The pH of germination media significantly affected red cloverα-amylase activity (P<0.01), germination (P<0.05) and radicle length (P<0.05).The overall α -amylase activity was higher at 5 and 6 of pHthan at pH 4 and 7. The activity of α -amylase at the same pH was most intensive during the first two days of germination. The highestseed germination percentage was found at pH 5. Length of radicle was higher at pH 5 and 6 than at 4 and 7. The occurrence of positivecorrelations (P<0.01) among tested traits suggested that the α-amylase activity might serve as a parameter for the pH tolerance testing.
Provedeno je preliminarno poljsko istraživanje na dvije lokacije s ciljem utvrđivanja utjecaja kultivara, inokulacije sjemena i navodnjavanja na poljsko nicanje, broj mahuna po biljci, broj zrna po ...mahuni, masu 1000 zrna, prinos zrna i koncentraciju bjelančevina u zrnu soje u uvjetima istočne Hrvatske. Utvrđen je značajan utjecaj kultivara, inokulacije sjemena i navodnjavanja na sva promatrana svojstva, izuzev poljsko nicanje na što su značajno utjecali inokulacija i navodnjavanje. Značajne interakcije ispitivanih faktora nisu utvrđene samo za poljsko nicanje. U cilju smanjenja troškova mineralnih gnojiva (prvenstveno dušičnih) i očuvanja okoliša te zbog sve sušnije klime trebalo bi provesti istraživanja o utjecaju inokulanta Nitrobakterin i navodnjavanja na svojstva različitih kultivara soje u različitim agroekološkim uvjetima.
Provedeno je preliminarno istraživanje na dvije lokacije istočne Hrvatske s ciljem utvrđivanja utjecaja kultivara, inokulacije sjemena i navodnjavanja na poljsko nicanje, broj mahuna po biljci, broj ...zrna po mahuni, masu 1000 zrna, prinos zrna i sadržaj bjelančevina u zrnu. Značajnost učinaka ispitivanih faktora na istraživana svojstva bila je različita. Različita je bila i značajnost interakcija ispitivanih faktora. Podaci pokazuju da postoji mogućnost povećanja prinosa i kvalitete krmnog graška primjenom adekvatne agrotehnike, a prije svega inokulacije sjemena i navodnjavanja.
The laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of seed age and water solution pH on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) germination energy, germination, seedling root length and stem ...height. Seeds aged 33 and 21 months and four water solution pH levels (5, 6, 7 and 8) were tested. The values of all investigated traits were significantly higher (p=0.01) for the 21 months old seed. Different water solution pH exerted an influence on germination, seedling root length, stem height (p=0.01) and germination energy (p=0.05). Irrespective of seed age, germination energy (61.50% in average) was highest at pH=7, whereas germination (70.75% in average) and root length (10.924 cm in average) at pH=6. Stem height of seedlings developed from 33 months old seeds was highest at pH=6. Furthermore, stem height of seedlings grown from 21 months old seeds was highest at pH=5.
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