Background: The APOE ε4 allele is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). APOE ε4 is common in non-demented subjects with cognitive impairment. In both healthy people and people with AD, its ...prevalence has a north-south gradient across Europe. In the present study, we investigated whether the relation between the APOE ε4 allele and cognitive impairment varied across Northern, Middle and Southern Europe. We also investigated whether a north-south gradient existed in subjects with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and non-amnestic MCI. Methods: Data from 16 centers across Europe were analyzed. Results: A north-south gradient in APOE ε4 prevalence existed in the total sample (62.7% for APOE ε4 carriers in the northern region, 42.1% in the middle region, and 31.5% in the southern region) and in subjects with SCI and amnestic MCI separately. Only in Middle Europe was the APOE ε4 allele significantly associated with poor performance on tests of delayed recall and learning, as well as with the amnestic subtype of MCI. Conclusion: The APOE ε4 allele frequencies in subjects with SCI and amnestic MCI have a north-south gradient. The relation between the APOE ε4 allele and cognition is region dependent.
This is the manual of the specialized event generator TopReX 3.25. The generator provides the simulation of several important processes in
pp and
p
p
̄
collisions, not implemented in PYTHIA (yet). ...Some of these processes include
t-quarks whose spin polarizations are taken into account in the subsequent decay of the
t-quarks. Several non-SM top quark decay channels are included, too. All calculated subprocesses can be accessed from PYTHIA as external processes. In addition, TopReX can be used as stand alone event generator, providing partonic final states before showering. In this mode the control of the event generation is taken by TopReX itself. A few simple examples of
main routines, which show how to use TopReX in the different modes are discussed.
A set of five new covalently bond sulfobetaine exchangers with inner quaternary amines and outer sulfonic acids have been prepared by attachment of a series of zwitterionic precursors to hyperporous ...divinylbenzene polymers using a grafting reaction. The series of zwitterionic exchangers have the same backbone and identical spacers to the polymeric backbone, as well as comparable capacities. The only difference is the chain length for one to five methylene groups between the charged functional groups. Chromatographic properties are examined by separation of α-amino acids using sodium acetate and nitric acid eluents. The separation mechanism is explored by varying eluent ionic strength and eluent pH, resulting in the conclusion that amino acids are separated due to cation exchange interactions. This is a behavior never before observed using zwitterionic exchangers. It contradicts the fact that sulfobetaine-type materials used in zwitterionic ion chromatography (ZIC) usually are well suited for anion separation and only poorly for cation separation. Contrary to anion separations using the identical set of exchangers, the materials with three and four methylene groups between the charges give the highest retention factors. Materials showing the high potential in ZIC separations of inorganic anions give low retention factors for amino acids and vice versa.
Background: The APOE epsilon 4 allele is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE epsilon 4 is common in non-demented subjects with cognitive impairment. In both healthy people and people ...with AD, its prevalence has a north-south gradient across Europe. In the present study, we investigated whether the relation between the APOE epsilon 4 allele and cognitive impairment varied across Northern, Middle and Southern Europe. We also investigated whether a north-south gradient existed in subjects with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and non-amnestic MCI. Methods: Data from 16 centers across Europe were analyzed. Results: A north-south gradient in APOE epsilon 4 prevalence existed in the total sample (62.7% for APOE epsilon 4 carriers in the northern region, 42.1% in the middle region, and 31.5% in the southern region) and in subjects with SCI and amnestic MCI separately. Only in Middle Europe was the APOE epsilon 4 allele significantly associated with poor performance on tests of delayed recall and learning, as well as with the amnestic subtype of MCI. Conclusion: The APOE epsilon 4 allele frequencies in subjects with SCI and amnestic MCI have a north-south gradient. The relation between the APOE epsilon 4 allele and cognition is region dependent. Copyright copy 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel
Implementation of the CMS policy on long-term data preservation, re-use and open access has started. Current practices in providing data additional to published papers and distributing simplified ...data-samples for outreach are promoted and consolidated. The first measures have been taken for analysis and data preservation for the internal use of the collaboration and for open access to part of the data. Two complementary approaches are followed. First, a virtual machine environment, which will pack all ingredients needed to compile and run a software release with which the legacy data was reconstructed. Second, a validation framework, maintaining the capability not only to read the old raw data, but also to reprocess them with an updated release or to another format to help ensure long-term reusability of the legacy data.
Impaired olfactory function is an early characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it remains unclear if odor identification also relates to early markers of AD in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
To ...investigate the association between odor identification and amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ42) and total tau (t-tau) concentrations in CSF. In addition, to examine the relation between odor identification and cognitive function at baseline and at follow-up, and whether these associations are moderated by CSF Aβ42 and t-tau and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype.
We included 160 individuals (40 with normal cognition, 45 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 42 with AD-type dementia, and 26 individuals with non-AD dementia) from the EDAR study. Individuals were recruited from six memory clinics across Europe. Odor identification was tested with the brief University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. CSF Aβ42 and t-tau were assessed with INNO-BIA AlzBio3 Luminex assay. Neuropsychological assessment included tests for verbal memory, verbal fluency, attention, executive function, and visuoconstruction. Follow-up was performed within 3 years after baseline.
Lower odor identification scores correlated with increased CSF t-tau concentrations and with lower scores on all cognitive measures at baseline independent of diagnostic group. Lower odor identification scores predicted decline on the MMSE in the total group, and decline on wordlist learning and delayed recall in APOE ɛ4 carriers and in individuals with abnormal Aβ42.
Odor identification impairment may be an indicator of neuronal injury rather than amyloid pathology.
Background The identification of subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at high risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is important for prognosis and early intervention. The APOE -ε4 allele is the ...strongest known genetic risk factor for AD. The authors performed a meta-analysis to establish the predictive accuracy of the APOE -ε4 allele for progression from MCI to AD-type dementia. Methods The authors included 35 prospective cohort studies of subjects with MCI, including 6095 subjects, of whom 1236 progressed to AD-type dementia after 2.9 years of follow-up. Pooled estimates of the OR, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR-) were obtained using random-effects models. Results The OR for subjects with MCI who are carriers of APOE -ε4 allele to progress to AD-type dementia was 2.29 (95% CI 1.88 to 2.80), the sensitivity was 0.53 (95% CI 0.46 to 0.61), the specificity was 0.67 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.71), the PPV was 0.57 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.66), the NPV was 0.75 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.80), the LR+ was 1.60 (95% CI 1.48 to 1.72), and the LR- was 0.75 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.82). Meta-regression showed that sensitivity, specificity and NPV were dependent on age, APOE -ε4 allele background prevalence or follow-up length. Conclusions The APOE -ε4 allele is associated with a moderately increased risk for progression from MCI to AD-type dementia. The low sensitivity and PPV makes genotyping of limited value for predicting AD-type dementia in clinical practice. For trials aiming to prevent progression from MCI to AD-type dementia, APOE genotyping may be useful in selecting subjects with a higher risk for progression to AD-type dementia.
CEDAR: progress and status report Buckley, A; Butterworth, J M; Lönnblad, L ...
Journal of physics. Conference series,
07/2008, Letnik:
119, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The CEDAR collaboration has developed and continues to develop a set of software tools for High Energy Physics phenomenology. We outline the status of three of the core CEDAR projects: HepData, a ...database of experimental measurements; JetWeb, a database and validation tool for Monte Carlo and Rivet, a tool for analysing Monte Carlos in a highly reproducible way.
Epigenetic dysregulation has been associated with cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. The present study investigated associations between common SNPs in genes regulating DNA methylation and ...age-related changes in cognitive decline in two independent prospective cohorts of patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment. An association between the rs1187120 SNP in DNMT3A and annual decline in cognitive functioning was discovered and replicated, suggesting that DNMT3A moderates cognitive decline in subjects with mild cognitive impairment.
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