Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized using green and chemical methods.
Mussaenda frondosa
(
M. frondosa
) leaf extract and sodium citrate used as reducing and stabilizing agents for the ...synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in green and chemical methods. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antioxidant activity of green and chemically synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated by DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay and observed that green synthesized nanoparticles possess remarkable antioxidant activity compared to chemically synthesized nanoparticles and it can be used for enormous applications in the biomedical field. The present study enlightens the importance of green synthesized AgNPs using
M. frondosa
leaf extract over the chemically synthesized one.
Plant mediated synthesis of nanoparticles is a path breaking approach to fabricate ecologically friendly nanoparticles which can be utilized in various applications. The majority of the existing ...procedures used for nanoparticles synthesis rely up on chemical and physical methods, these methods are sometimes harmful and potentially dangerous to the environment and living organisms. But synthesis of nanoparticles in a green way using plant extract is a unique, systematic, affordable, and environmentally sound method for synthesizing nanoparticles with selective and specific properties and applications. In this article, the potential applications of plant mediated synthesized noble metal NPs, especially silver is discussed. It is astonishing to understand how a tiny particle is influencing our whole life and that's high lightened in this article.
We present top-down constraints on global monthly N2O emissions for 2011 from a multi-inversion approach and an ensemble of surface observations. The inversions employ the GEOS-Chem adjoint and an ...array of aggregation strategies to test how well current observations can constrain the spatial distribution of global N2O emissions. The strategies include (1) a standard 4D-Var inversion at native model resolution (4∘×5∘), (2) an inversion for six continental and three ocean regions, and (3) a fast 4D-Var inversion based on a novel dimension reduction technique employing randomized singular value decomposition (SVD). The optimized global flux ranges from 15.9 TgNyr-1 (SVD-based inversion) to 17.5–17.7 TgNyr-1 (continental-scale, standard 4D-Var inversions), with the former better capturing the extratropicalN2O background measured during the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) airborne campaigns. We find that the tropics provide a greater contribution to the global N2O flux than is predicted by the prior bottom-up inventories, likely due to underestimated agricultural and oceanic emissions. We infer an overestimate of natural soil emissions in the extratropics and find that predicted emissions are seasonally biased in northern midlatitudes. Here, optimized fluxes exhibit a springtime peak consistent with the timing of spring fertilizer and manure application, soil thawing, and elevated soil moisture. Finally, the inversions reveal a major emission underestimate in the US Corn Belt in the bottom-up inventory used here. We extensively test the impact of initial conditions on the analysis and recommend formally optimizing the initial N2O distribution to avoid biasing the inferred fluxes. We find that the SVD-based approach provides a powerful framework for deriving emission information from N2O observations: by defining the optimal resolution of the solution based on the information content of the inversion, it provides spatial information that is lost when aggregating to political or geographic regions, while also providing more temporal information than a standard 4D-Var inversion.
The ultimate objective about this experiment was to create a fast-dissolving tablet Isosorbide dinitrate that released its medication quickly. The physical properties of tablets, such as hardness, ...angle of repose, weight variation, and friability were assessed. In-vitro release was investigated, and a 22-factorial design was created. The results show that the in-vitro release shows that the F2 formulation has the highest release at 20 min. Tablet disintegration time ranges from 31 to 48 s. The hardness ranges from 6-7 kg/cm3. The friability test shows the range from 0.49-0.68%. The weight variation test shows that all the formulation passes the tests. ANOVA statistical analysis revealed that the generated formulations are statistically significant. It is concluded that FDT formulations have optimum and reproducible disintegration time and increased dissolve characteristics, resulting in higher patient compliance.
Palaeoclimate estimates derived from plant-based proxies are potentially subject to uncertainties arising from taphonomic filtering. In any given fossil assemblage it is possible to identify the ...kinds of likely taphonomic influences, but virtually impossible to quantify the uncertainties they introduce because filtering removes information. Because that information is missing it cannot be measured. An alternative approach is to measure the maximum uncertainty possible due to specific information loss within recognised analytical protocols.
In respect of the multivariate foliar physiognomic technique known as CLAMP (Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program) we have attempted to do this by experimentally degrading both the character state scores and the number and composition of taxa as subsets of the full range of character states and taxonomic diversity in the source vegetation.
In this study a stand of protected vegetation on Green Island (23° 08′ 58″ N, 88° 26′ 59.19″ E) within the Ganges Delta was sampled following standard CLAMP protocols. The island is subject to annual flooding during the monsoon season and is typical of the kinds of naturally disturbed vegetation likely to be represented in ancient delta floodplain assemblages. A total of 56 woody dicot taxa were scored in the living vegetation. From this ‘complete’ sample leaf character states for lobing, margin, size, apex, base, length-to-width ratio and shape were removed in turn from all 56 taxa to give 7 analyses simulating worst case taphonomic loss of physiognomic data. Ten subsets of 20 randomly selected taxa were also analysed to simulate taphonomic diversity loss of almost two thirds of the potentially available taxa in the source vegetation. In all cases the completeness statistic remained above the CLAMP recommended minimum of 0.66.
The results show that in all cases the uncertainties arising from taphonomic processes, either through taphonomic diversity or character state filtering, were not significantly different from the statistical CLAMP uncertainties associated with the most commonly used calibration dataset (Physg3brc), and gave similar climatic estimates as the source vegetation in its entirety. This suggests that stratigraphically well constrained museum collections lacking detailed sedimentary or taphonomic context can still be used with confidence for CLAMP analyses. Leaf margin analysis displayed a greater sensitivity to diversity loss.
The Green Island estimates suggested a cooler, moister climate than that indicated by the observed regional climate as derived from a 0.5
×
0.5° gridded data set used in climate modelling evaluation. The likely cause for this disparity is the prevalence of a sub-canopy microclimate signal developed by the vegetation itself, and this is strongly dependant on the temperature and humidity characteristics of the regional climate as well as the proximity to water bodies. Within the sample size limitations of this study this disparity is larger than that introduced by taphonomic processes, but potentially can be corrected for.
► We test resilience of fossil leaf palaeoclimate proxies to character and taxon loss. ► Analyses were conducted on vegetation on Green Island in the Ganges Delta, India. ► Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) was resilient to data loss. ► CLAMP yields temperatures that are lower than in regional climate data. ► This effect depends upon the extent of canopy evapotranspirational cooling.
In the study, a pigment producing strain of Serratia sp. isolated from the rhizosphere of Bacopa monnieri (L.) was analyzed in detail for its antifungal properties and pigment production. Culture ...extract from the organism was found to have antifungal activity against various phytopathogens. Various cultural conditions were identified to influence the pigment production in the selected organism. Structural characterization of the pigment has confirmed it as prodigiosin. Prodigiosin producing Serratia sp. isolated in the study can be considered to have highly promising antifungal mechanisms.
The acaricidal activity of the petroleum ether extract of leaves of Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston (family: Vitaceae) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus was assessed using adult ...immersion test (AIT). The per cent of adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity, and blocking of hatching of eggs were studied at different concentrations. The extract at 10% concentration showed 88.96% inhibition of fecundity, 58.32% of adult tick mortality, and 50% inhibition of hatching. Peak mortality rate was observed after day 5 of treatment. Mortality of engorged female ticks, inhibition of fecundity, and hatching of eggs were concentration dependent. The LC50 value of the extract against R. (B.) annulatus was 10.46%. The HPTLC profiling of the petroleum ether extract revealed the presence of at least seven polyvalent components. In the petroleum ether extract, nicotine was identified as one of the components up to a concentration of 5.4%. However, nicotine did not reveal any acaricidal activity up to 20000 ppm (2%). Coconut oil, used as diluent for dissolving the extract, did not reveal any acaricidal effects. The results are indicative of the involvement of synergistic or additive action of the bioactive components in the tick mortality and inhibition of the oviposition.
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