The present study provides new heat transfer data for both the surfaces of the full coverage effusion cooling plate within a double wall cooling test facility. To produce the cooling stream, a ...cold-side cross-flow supply for the effusion hole array is employed. Also utilized is a unique mainstream mesh heater, which provides transient thermal boundary conditions, after mainstream flow conditions are established. For the effusion cooled surface, presented are spatially-resolved distributions of surface adiabatic film cooling effectiveness, and surface heat transfer coefficients (measured using infrared thermography). For the coolant side, presented are spatially-resolved distributions of surface Nusselt numbers (measured using liquid crystal thermography). Of interest are the effects of streamwise development, blowing ratio, and Reynolds number. Streamwise hole spacing and spanwise hole spacing (normalized by effusion hole diameter) on the effusion plate are 15 and 4, respectively. Effusion hole diameter is 6.35 mm, effusion hole angle is 25°, and effusion plate thickness is 3 hole diameters. Considered are overall effusion blowing ratios from 2.9 to 7.5, with subsonic, incompressible flow, and constant freestream velocity with streamwise development, for two different mainstream Reynolds numbers. For the hot side (mainstream) of the effusion film cooling test plate, results for two mainflow Reynolds numbers of about 145000 and 96000 show that the adiabatic cooling effectiveness is generally higher for the lower Reynolds number for a particular streamwise location and blowing ratio. The heat transfer coefficient is generally higher for the low Reynolds number flow. This is due to altered supply passage flow behavior, which causes a reduction in coolant lift-off of the film from the surface as coolant momentum, relative to mainstream momentum, decreases. For the coolant side of the effusion test plate, Nusselt numbers generally increase with blowing ratio, when compared at a particular streamwise location and mainflow Reynolds number.
•Data are given which illustrate the performance of a sparse effusion hole array which is supplied by a cross flow arrangement.•Presented are new experimental data for both the hot/mainstream side, and the cold/cross flow side of the effusion plate.•Considered are streamwise development, blowing ratio, cross flow Reynolds number, and mainstream flow Reynolds number.•For the hot side (mainstream) of the effusion film cooling test plate, adiabatic cooling effectiveness values and heat transfer coefficients are higher as Reynolds number decreases.•For the coolant side of the effusion test plate, Nusselt numbers generally increase with blowing ratio, as well near the entrances of effusion holes.
In recent years, the number of cases of spinal cord injuries, stroke and other nervous impairments have led to an increase in the number of paralyzed patients worldwide. Rehabilitation that can aid ...and enhance the lives of such patients is the need of the hour. Exoskeletons have been found as one of the popular means of rehabilitation. The existing exoskeletons use techniques that impose limitations on adaptability, instant response and continuous control. Also most of them are expensive, bulky, and requires high level of training. To overcome all the above limitations, this paper introduces an Artificial Intelligence (AI) powered Smart and light weight Exoskeleton System (AI-IoT-SES) which receives data from various sensors, classifies them intelligently and generates the desired commands via Internet of Things (IoT) for rendering rehabilitation and support with the help of caretakers for paralyzed patients in smart and connected communities. In the proposed system, the signals collected from the exoskeleton sensors are processed using AI-assisted navigation module, and helps the caretakers in guiding, communicating and controlling the movements of the exoskeleton integrated to the patients. The navigation module uses AI and IoT enabled Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). The casualties of a paralyzed person are reduced by commissioning the IoT platform to exchange data from the intelligent sensors with the remote location of the caretaker to monitor the real time movement and navigation of the exoskeleton. The automated exoskeleton detects and take decisions on navigation thereby improving the life conditions of such patients. The experimental results simulated using MATLAB shows that the proposed system is the ideal method for rendering rehabilitation and support for paralyzed patients in smart communities.
BackgroundFabry Disease (FD), an X linked lysosomal storage disease due to pathogenic α-galactosidase A (GLA) mutations, results in two major subtypes, the early-onset Type 1 ‘Classic’ and the Type 2 ...‘Later-Onset’ phenotypes. To identify previously unrecognised patients, investigators screened cardiac, renal and stroke clinics by enzyme assays. However, some screening studies did not perform confirmatory GLA mutation analyses, and many included recently recognised ‘benign/likely-benign’ variants, thereby inflating prevalence estimates.MethodsOnline databases were searched for all FD screening studies in high-risk clinics (1995–2017). Studies reporting GLA mutations were re-analysed for pathogenic mutations, sex and phenotype. Phenotype-specific and sex-specific prevalence rates were determined.ResultsOf 67 studies, 63 that screened 51363patients (33943M and 17420F) and provided GLA mutations were reanalysed for disease-causing mutations. Of reported GLA mutations, benign variants occurred in 47.9% of males and 74.1% of females. The following were the revised prevalence estimates: among 36820 (23954M and 12866F) haemodialysis screenees, 0.21% males and 0.15% females; among 3074 (2031M and 1043F) renal transplant screenees, 0.25% males and no females; among 5491 (4054M and 1437F) cardiac screenees, 0.94% males and 0.90% females; and among 5978 (3904M and 2074F) stroke screenees, 0.13% males and 0.14% females. Among male and female screenees with pathogenic mutations, the type 1 Classic phenotype was predominant (~60%), except more male cardiac patients (75%) had type 2 Later-Onset phenotype.ConclusionsCompared with previous findings, reanalysis of 63 studies increased the screenee numbers (~3.4-fold), eliminated 20 benign/likely benign variants, and provided more accurate sex-specific and phenotype-specific prevalence estimates, ranging from ~0.13% of stroke to ~0.9% of cardiac male or female screenees.
Despite significant improvement in our ability to diagnose both common and rare neurodegenerative diseases and understand their underlying biologic mechanisms, there remains a disproportionate lack ...of effective treatments, reflecting the complexity of these disorders. Successfully advancing novel treatments for neurodegenerative disorders will require reconsideration of traditional approaches, which to date have focused largely on specific disease proteins or cells of origin. This article proposes reframing these diseases as conditions of dysfunctional circuitry as a complement to ongoing efforts. Specifically reviewed is how aberrant spiking is a common downstream mechanism in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, often driven by dysfunction in specific ion channels. Surgical modification of this electrical activity via deep brain stimulation is already an approved modality for many of these disorders. Therefore, restoring proper electrical activity by targeting these channels pharmacologically represents a viable strategy for intervention, not only for symptomatic management but also as a potential disease-modifying therapy. Such an approach is likely to be a promising route to treating these devastating disorders, either as monotherapy or in conjunction with current drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite extensive research and improved understanding of the biology driving neurodegenerative disease, there has not been a concomitant increase in approved therapies. Accordingly, it is time to shift our perspective and recognize these diseases also as disorders of circuitry to further yield novel drug targets and new interventions. An approach focused on treating dysfunctional circuitry has the potential to reduce or reverse patient symptoms and potentially modify disease course.
Basketball is a mathematical game with many data interpretations. An average fan ceases to witness the revolution in sports, which is influenced using data science and analytics unless someone brings ...it to light. Nowadays, teams look at data and tend to make decisions on scouting the player for the team. The decision making for the coaches can be made easier using machine learning algorithms to identify the star potential of players. The paper provides a novel algorithm by building a machine learning model on all players to predict whether the player is a star or not. Besides, an interactive user interface is developed for coaches to input the player's data and to make an informed decision based on the prediction.
•The swirl flow generated by an industrial gas turbine fuel nozzle is investigated.•Proper orthogonal decomposition is used to extract unsteady flow features.•Self-similarity with mass flow shown for ...the time-averaged, coherent, and stochastic flow.•Regions where coherent and stochastic fluctuations dominate are identified.
The steady and unsteady isothermal fluid dynamics generated by an industrial low emission, lean premixed, fuel swirl nozzle designed by Solar Turbines Incorporated were investigated in this study. The experiments were carried out in a model optical can combustor operating at atmospheric pressures. Non-time resolved, planar Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were taken at Reynolds numbers with respect to the nozzle throat diameter of ∼50000, ∼100000, and ∼180000. The time-averaged velocity fields were approximately self-similar, with the highest mass flow exhibiting a central recirculation zone (CRZ) with a slightly larger diameter. The results were analyzed using a methodology based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) to extract the periodic structures in the flow and obtain the underlying stochastic turbulence field. This distinction between stochastic and coherent fluctuations is critical to properly model combustor flows. Coherent flow instabilities such as the precessing vortex core (PVC) and the propagation of axial/radial vortices were observed to significantly contribute to the mixing between the nozzle exit flow and the recirculated mass flow. Over 30% of the total fluctuation (difference between instantaneous and time-averaged velocity fields) kinetic energy was attributed to coherent structures throughout the inner shear layer between the swirling jet exiting the nozzle and the CRZ. Stochastic variability was prevalent close the liner wall and throughout the combustor domain after the swirling jet impinged on the wall, with <20% of the total fluctuation attributed to coherent structures. The normalized coherent and stochastic flow fields were also approximately self-similar with Reynolds number.
Abstract Background: A subpopulation of tumor cells known to have intrinsic resistance to therapies and contribute to metastasis function as “cancer stem”, or tumor-initiating, cells (TICs). TICs can ...be identified by various biomarkers, including fluorescent reporters for signaling pathways that regulate TIC function such as STAT signaling. However, standard TIC reporters have limitations. Their expression is unstable and there is no established method to follow TICs as they undergo cell state changes. Furthermore, we do not completely understand the transcriptional features of TICs. Improved methods of identifying TICs as well as the development of high-resolution transcriptional signatures are essential to understand TIC biology. An improved understanding of TIC biology can inform the development of novel therapeutics to selectively ablate the TIC compartment, thus improving response to standard cancer therapies. Methods: We screened a panel of PDX models to determine whether a STAT reporter identifies TICs in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. To augment existing STAT TIC reporters, we developed a two-component STAT signaling-specific lineage-tracing (LT) system. The first component labels active STAT signaling cells by expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP+), followed by a self-cleaving P2A peptide and a TAM-inducible Cre-recombinase (4M67-EGFP-P2A-CreERT2). The second component is a constitutively expressed dual-color switching Cre-dependent reporter vector (EFS-loxPdsRedloxP-mNeptune2). We determined which LT cell populations (EGFP+/mNeptune2+, EGFP+/dsRed+, EGFP−/mNeptune2+, and EGFP−/dsRed+) from SUM159 xenografts functioned as TICs. To probe TIC transcriptional features, we performed scRNA seq on the two tumor models with STAT TICs and a PDX model that did not have STAT TICs. We performed lineage trajectory analysis and differential gene expression analysis to characterize candidate TIC transcriptional signatures. To confirm whether these transcriptional features are associated with TICs, we identified a biomarker of this cell state (bone marrow stromal antigen 2 BST2) and explored the relationship between this biomarker and TICs. Results: We identified four PDX models with STAT reporter activity, one of which had STAT TICs. We validated our LT system in several models both in vitro and in vivo, then demonstrated EGFP+/mNeptune2+ from SUM159 xenografts are enriched for TICs and that lineage-tagged cells (mNeptune2+) function as proliferative early progenitor cells. scRNA seq of three xenograft models uncovered a distinct antiviral cell state in all three models that represent a more highly enriched TIC subpopulation. Critically, transcriptional features were shared between the antiviral cell states across xenograft models. To determine whether cells in this antiviral state represent TICs, we FACS-enriched BST2 cells (an IFN-stimulated cell surface protein that was a marker of the antiviral cell state) and demonstrated enrichment of the TIC population by mammosphere formation assays and limiting dilution transplantation. We demonstrated that BST2 expression is increased in residual PDX tumors following chemotherapy. Furthermore, we demonstrated similar antiviral cell states are present in human breast cancer scRNA seq datasets. Conclusions: These data demonstrate TICs adopt an antiviral cell state in some triple-negative breast cancers, and BST2 is a function marker of TICs in this cell state. Therefore, targeting genes associated with this cell state or associated antiviral pathways may represent a therapeutic vulnerability to eliminate TICs in some breast cancers. Citation Format: Eric Souto, Ping Gong, John Landua, Ram Srinivasan, Lacey Dobrolecki, Abhinaya Ganesan, Michael Lewis. Interferon-induced bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST2) is a functional tumor-initiating cell marker in triple-negative breast cancer abstract. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-24-02.
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is considered an enhancement of existing vehicular ad-hoc networks, which helps connect mobile vehicles to the Internet of Things (IoT) with the support of 5G networks. ...To assure the quality-of-service demand by the users, the edge computing paradigm of 5G networks can be incorporated in the IoV environment for supporting compute-intensive applications. The basic safety messages are typically transmitted using a multicast pattern in the IoV-enabled edge computing paradigm. The use of the multicast channel may accelerate the communication process; however, it is prone to various attacks due to the open nature of wireless networks. This article proposes a multimessage and multireceiver signcryption scheme for the multicast channel in a certificateless setting to solve the key escrow problem. The security of the partial private key is dependent on the secure channel, which increases the complexities of the system. Therefore, in the proposed scheme, we introduce a new idea that does not require a secure channel. The key generation center only sends the pseudo partial private key of the users on a public channel. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is based on hyper-elliptic curve cryptography (HECC), which has much smaller key sizes as compared to elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). The security proofs and performance comparison for our scheme are carried out. The findings show that the proposed scheme provides high security while using less computational and communication costs.
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