Childhood is socially constructed, depending on social, economic and cultural circumstances. Poverty, social differences, conflicts, and social injustice have a negative impact on children’s lives. ...The aim of the article is to present childhoods under conditions of exploitation. Despite general progress, and the emancipation of children’s rights, data confirm an increase in the number of children who are engaged in war conflicts, perform difficult and inappropriate work, or in slavery. In conclusion, the exploitation of children is considered in the context of social conditions and processes, neoliberal capitalism, globalisation, and documents that guarantee children’s rights.
Keywords: childhood, exploitation, children’s rights, social inequalities, globalisation
Altruizam Žuro, Doris; Stanić, Sanja; Akrap, Ante
Crkva u svijetu,
2023, Letnik:
58, Številka:
4
Journal Article, Web Resource
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Od zakona dužnosti i sreće u pozitivnoj filozofiji Augustea Comtea pa sve do altruizma kao istinskog zla u filozofiji objektivizma Ayne Rand, koncept altruizma zaokupio je i dalje zaokuplja pažnju ...istraživača i drugih znanstvenih disciplina. Iako je utemeljitelj sociologije Comte skovao termin altruizam, on je sve do polovine 20. stoljeća bio izvan fokusa socioloških istraživanja. Višestruki su razlozi. Prvenstveno, velike društvene promjene tijekom 19. i 20. stoljeća značajno su odredile smjer razvoja glavnih socioloških teorija s fokusom na strukturalne fenomene i negativne aspekte društva. Drugi važan razlog bile bi određene poteškoće u operacionalizaciji konstrukta altruizma u terminima sociološke znanosti koja je zainteresirana za otkrivanje izvanjskih, društvenih aspekata fenomena. Ovaj rad započinjemo s konceptom altruizma u misli A. Comtea i drugih klasičnih autora. Drugi dio rada posvećen je suvremenom teorijskom određenju i razgraničenju altruizma od drugih oblika prosocijalnih ponašanja. Zatim donosimo prikaz glavnih istraživačkih perspektiva koncepta u sociologiji i drugim znanostima koje se bave pitanjem altruizma. Naposljetku, u zaključku sažeto prikazujemo teorijske doprinose i ukazujemo na moguće razrade altruizma na teorijskoj i istraživačkoj razini.
From the law of duty and happiness in the positive philosophy of Auguste Comte to altruism as true evil in the objectivist philosophy of Ayn Rand, altruism as a concept has preoccupied and continues to preoccupy the attention of researchers of other scientific disciplines. Although Comte, the founder of sociology, coined the term altruism, it was outside mainstream sociology until the middle of the 20th century. There are multiple reasons. Primarily, major social changes during the 19th and 20th centuries significantly determined the direction of development of the main sociological theories, focusing on structural phenomena and negative aspects of society. Another important reason would be some difficulties in operationalizing the construct of altruism in terms of sociology, which is interested in discovering the external, social aspects of the phenomenon. We begin this paper with the concept of altruism in the thoughts of A. Comte and other classical authors. The second part of the paper is devoted to the contemporary theoretical definition and distinction of altruism from other forms of prosocial behaviour. We also present the main research perspectives of the concept in sociology and other related sciences. In conclusion, we summarize the theoretical contributions and indicate the possible elaborations of altruism at the theoretical and research level.
The paper presents elements of the theories of J. Baudrillard, P. Bourdieu, and G. Ritzer that are relevant for the context of the development of social thought on the phenomenon of consumption. ...Although the three authors held different perspectives on consumption, they shared the notion of an increasingly important role of consumption in the time and society in which they acted. In their work, consumption was analysed as a salient determinant of social life. The theories of those authors are presented here as dominant within the given periods of the development of social theory on consumption. Baudrillard recognised consumption as a new and important issue, and his criticism of the consumer society was far ahead of the time in which he wrote. In his view, consumer goods are signs and consumption is a type of language. In analogy with Marx's concept of means of production, Baudrillard proposed the concept of means of consumption as consumer sites that are a synthesis of abundance and calculation. Bourdieu constructed a class theory of consumption based on cultural practices. He considered consumer behaviour to be an expression of class position. Class is determined by its position in the system of differences or distinctions from other classes based on cultural practices, objects, and taste. In Ritzer's work, consumption becomes a powerful driving force of contemporary society, with the ultimate purpose of profit-making. He explained changes in contemporary society by the process of McDonaldization that has been increasingly spreading to various areas of social life. Transformations in the structures and interpersonal relationships in contemporary society were explained by Ritzer as a change from the old to the new means of consumption. The concluding part of the paper provides an overview of the three authors' theories in the context of consumer society, emphasising their contribution to the body of theoretical analyses of the phenomenon of consumption.
The paper presents elements of the theories of J. Baudrillard, P. Bourdieu, and G. Ritzer that are relevant for the context of the development of social thought on the phenomenon of consumption. ...Although the three authors held different perspectives on consumption, they shared the notion of an increasingly important role of consumption in the time and society in which they acted. In their work, consumption was analysed as a salient determinant of social life. The theories of those authors are presented here as dominant within the given periods of the development of social theory on consumption. Baudrillard recognised consumption as a new and important issue, and his criticism of the consumer society was far ahead of the time in which he wrote. In his view, consumer goods are signs and consumption is a type of language. In analogy with Marx's concept of means of production, Baudrillard proposed the concept of means of consumption as consumer sites that are a synthesis of abundance and calculation. Bourdieu constructed a class theory of consumption based on cultural practices. He considered consumer behaviour to be an expression of class position. Class is determined by its position in the system of differences or distinctions from other classes based on cultural practices, objects, and taste. In Ritzer's work, consumption becomes a powerful driving force of contemporary society, with the ultimate purpose of profit-making. He explained changes in contemporary society by the process of McDonaldization that has been increasingly spreading to various areas of social life. Transformations in the structures and interpersonal relationships in contemporary society were explained by Ritzer as a change from the old to the new means of consumption. The concluding part of the paper provides an overview of the three authors' theories in the context of consumer society, emphasising their contribution to the body of theoretical analyses of the phenomenon of consumption. / U radu se prikazuju elementi teorija J. Baudrillarda, P. Bourdieua i G. Ritzera relevantni u kontekstu razvitka drutvene misli o fenomenu potronje. Premda razliito gledaju na potronju, tim je autorima zajedniko da uoavaju sve vaniju ulogu potronje u vremenu i drutvu u kom djeluju te se potronja u njihovim djelima pojavljuje kao bitna odrednica drutvenog ivota. Teorije spomenutih autora prikazane su kao dominantne u okviru pojedinih razdoblja razvoja drutvene teorije o potronji. Baudrillard prepoznaje potronju kao novu i vanu problematiku, a njegova kritika potroakog drutva daleko je ispred vremena u kom djeluje. Potroake robe za njega su znakovi, a potronja vrsta jezika. U analogiji s Marxovim konceptom sredstava proizvodnje Baudrillard kreira koncept sredstava potronje kao potroakih mjesta koja su sinteza obilja i kalkulativnosti. Bourdieu konstruira klasnu teoriju potronje na temelju kulturnih praksi. Potroako ponaanje za njega je izraz klasnog poloaja. Klasu odreuje i njezin poloaj u sustavu razlika, odnosno distinkcija od ostalih klasa na temelju kulturnih praksi, objekata i ukusa. U Ritzerovoj teoriji potronja postaje snana pokretaka snaga suvremenog drutva, s glavnim ciljem ostvarivanja profita. Promjene u suvremenom drutvu Ritzer objanjava procesom mekdonaldizacije koji se sve vie iri na razliita podruja drutvenog ivota. Promjenom od starih k novim sredstvima potronje Ritzer objanjava transformacije u strukturama i meuljudskim odnosima u suvremenom drutvu. Zavrni dio rada donosi osvrt na teorije spomenutih autora u kontekstu potroakog drutva te upuuje na njihov doprinos korpusu teorijskih razmatranja fenomena potronje.
In the article a shopping centre is considered as a representative of the contemporary consumption space. In these structures contents and offers are carefully combined, while shopping can be done ...effectively and in a pleasant environment. Shopping time and leisure activities merge here into the unique time of consumption while the space becomes a scene of getting together and social vibrancy. Based on the research results, the paper discusses the sociality in a shopping center. Consumption space is seen as a place of interaction between space and actors, and actors themselves. Obtained results indicate that a shopping center is a created environment, which, with the elements of interior design, amenities and atmospherics sends a message whose basic aim is encouraging consumption. Although a shopping center is a public place and shopping and consumption are social activities, in this consumer environment sociality is false and limited. Technologies increasingly replace the salespersons' work and they become machine adjuncts. Traditional qualities of their work are minimized and their communication is insincere and learned. The conclusion emphasizes the fact that in the modern consumption space social relations are transformed into the postsocial ones and marked by the loss of spontaneity and reciprocity. At the same time human relations are replaced by thing relations. Adapted from the source document.
Poremećaji jedenja eskaliraju u zapadnim, razvijenim zemljama 1960-ih godina kada započinje i njihovo sistematično proučavanje. Posljednjih desetljeća postaju globalni fenomen, što se povezuje sa ...širenjem zapadnih kulturnih obrazaca i ideala ljepote. Poremećaji jedenja su višestruko uzrokovani i nastaju djelovanjem bioloških, psiholoških i sociokulturnih faktora. Razvoj poremećaja jedenja najčešće se događa u adolescenciji, kada mladi postaju okupirani izgledom i tijelom. U radu im se pristupa iz sociološke perspektive, fokusiranjem na utjecaju sociokulturnih čimbenika rizika. Vršnjačke grupe, obitelj i mediji mogu utjecati na razvoj nezadovoljstva izgledom tijela i tjelesnom masom. Vršnjaci su važna referentna grupa. Brojna istraživanja su potvrdila da pritisak vršnjaka može biti motiv razvoja poremećaja jedenja. Odnosi u obitelji, obiteljsko okruženje i roditeljska očekivanja mogu utjecati na percepciju tjelesne mase i prehrambene navike djece. Medijski pritisak razvidan je kroz prezentaciju mršavog izgleda koji osigurava prihvaćenost i uspješnost. Posljednjih godina istraživanja se usredotočuju na utjecaj društvenih mreža. Societalne mjere u razdoblju pandemije COVID-19 negativno su utjecale na poremećaje jedenja. S obzirom na prirodu poremećaja jedenja prilikom tretmana, pojavljuju se etičke dileme. U Hrvatskoj su poremećaji jedenja društveno zanemareni i nedovoljno istraženi, s nepoznatim dimenzijama učestalosti i rasprostranjenosti. Procjene o broju osoba s poremećajem u Hrvatskoj se razlikuju, međutim, postoji slaganje o eskalaciji ovog poremećaja i spuštanju dobne granice. Poremećaji jedenja ugrožavaju zdravlje i ostvarenje životnih ciljeva osobe te najčešće negativno utječu na odnose u društvenim grupama u kojima se osoba kreće. Na razini društva poremećaji jedenja su značajan zdravstveni problem koji dugoročno opterećuje zdravstveni i socijalni sustav i odražava se na humani kapital. U zaključku se poremećaji jedenja promatraju u društvenom kontekstu.
Eating disorders escalated in Western, developed countries in the 1960s, which is when systematic studies on them began. In recent decades, eating disorders become a global phenomenon, which is linked with the spread of Western cultural patterns and beauty ideals. Eating disorders have multiple causes - they stem from biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences. Eating disorders mostly develop during adolescence, when young people become preoccupied with their appearance and body image. This paper uses the sociological approach with a focus on sociocultural risk factors. Peer groups, family, and media can influence dissatisfaction with body appearance and body weight. Peers are an important reference group. Numerous studies have confirmed that peer pressure can be a motive for the development of eating disorders. Family relationships, family environment, and parental expectations can influence the perception of body weight and children’s eating habits. Media pressure is evident through the presentation of a thin appearance that ensures acceptance and success. In recent years, research has focused on the influence of social media. Societal measures during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected eating disorders. Considering the nature of eating disorders, ethical dilemmas arise during treatment. In Croatia, eating disorders are socially neglected and insufficiently researched, with unknown dimensions of frequency and prevalence. Estimates of the number of people with the disorder vary, however, there is agreement on the escalation of eating disorders and the lowering of the age limit. Eating disorders threaten the health and achievement of a person’s life goals, and most often negatively affect relationships in social groups in which an individual interacts. At the societal level, eating disorders are a significant health problem that burdens the health and social system in the long term and affects the human capital. In conclusion, eating disorders are viewed in a social context.
PROSTOR U DJELU MICHELA FOUCAULTA STANIC, Sanja; PANDZIC, Josip
Socijalna ekologija,
07/2012, Letnik:
21, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Odbacivanje koncepta vremena u korist koncepta prostora čini Foucaulta jednim od predstavnika tzv. „spacijalnog zaokreta“ u društvenim i humanističkim znanostima. Prostoru diskursa, kao središnjem ...pojmu i konceptualnoj shemi, Foucault pristupa kritički. Koncept diskurzivnog prostora podrazumijeva prostore u kojima diskursi o prostoru dolaze u interakciju s fizičkim prostorom u svojim arhitekturalnim, urbanim i institucionalnim oblicima. Foucaultovi veliki primjeri umobolnice, bolnice i zatvora ukazuju kako se Foucaultov statični model diskurzivnog prostora razvija u dinamički model socijalnog prostora, u kojem je ono što je rečeno ili mišljeno regulirano odnosima moći, prostora i znanja. Utopije i heterotopije pojavljuju se kod Foucaulta kao mjesta koja su povezana i u odnosu sa svim drugim mjestima, ali su im istodobno kontradiktorna jer obrću skupove odnosa u kojima se događaju. Foucaultova analiza moći utemeljena je na pojmu dispositifa kao sustava odnosa, heterogenog skupa mehanizama koji podupiru i omogućuju moć. Uobičajenom prikazu dispositifa sačinjenog od simbioze dviju instanci, znanja i moći, pridružuje se dimenzija prostora, ukazujući na konstrukciju svojevrsne trijalektike znanja, moći i prostora. U zaključku se ukazuje na značaj kategorije prostora u misli Foucaulta, kao temeljne u svim oblicima socijalnog života, prakticiranju moći i konstrukciji znanja. Prostor je istodobno produktivna instanca i produkt. Foucaultov pokušaj rehabilitacije koncepta prostora ključan je za buduće pristupe istraživanju društvene stvarnosti.
La investigación mostró diferentes resultados en la percepción y aceptación de los inmigrantes en Croacia. Investigaciones anteriores muestran que los encuestados perciben a los inmigrantes como una ...amenaza socioeconómica y sociocultural, mientras que los más nuevos muestran actitudes mayoritariamente positivas hacia los inmigrantes y creen que debería haber igualdad de condiciones de vida para todas las personas en Croacia. Teniendo en cuenta que la integración tiene lugar a nivel de la comunidad local, las opiniones y actitudes de la población local son extremadamente importantes. Existe la necesidad de un examen continuo de las opiniones y actitudes públicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la percepción de los inmigrantes en la población adulta que vive en la frontera exterior de la UE, precisamente, en los asentamientos rurales del condado de Split-Dalmacia, cerca de la frontera con Bosnia y Herzegovina. El área de investigación se encuentra en la ruta migratoria de los Balcanes Meridionales. En los últimos años, los inmigrantes irregulares han cruzado el territorio croata en su camino hacia los países occidentales. La población local que vive en la ruta migratoria está expuesta a encuentros y ocasionalmente a incidentes con migrantes. Se utilizó el método de la encuesta. Para efectos de la investigación se diseñó un cuestionario. El enfoque de la investigación se centró en dos preguntas: ¿cómo percibe la población local a los migrantes y la vecindad de la ruta migratoria y los migrantes influyeron en su vida cotidiana y seguridad? En general, los resultados mostraron intolerancia, fuerte distancia social y estereotipos hacia los migrantes. Debido a la cercanía de la ruta del migrante, parte de los encuestados se siente inseguro mientras que algunos de ellos cambian hábitos cotidianos.
Čitanje obogaćuje osobnost i iskustvo pojedinca. Važnost čitanja predmet je znanstvenog interesa, a od 1980-ih istraživanja čitanja počinju uključivati sociološke koncepte. Rezultati istraživanja ...pokazuju kako današnje generacije mladih čitaju manje nego njihovi prethodnici. U radu je istražen društveni kontekst čitanja i knjige kod populacije učenika. Na uzorku (N=262) osnovnoškolaca i srednjoškolaca, ispitani su čitateljski interesi i navike, odnos prema knjizi i njezino značenje. Nalazi su promotreni u zavisnosti od dobi, odnosno školskog uzrasta, ispitanika. Preferirani sadržaji učenika su prilično raznoliki, dok su čitateljski ukusi promjenjivi s dobi. Tiskana izdanja su aktualna, ali prihvaća se i trend čitanja „s ekrana“. Školska lektira procjenjuje se vrijednom, ali i neadekvatnom. Knjige se posjeduju u manjem broju. Najčešće se posuđuju iz knjižnica ili od prijatelja. Knjiga nije među poželjnim potrošačkim robama. Vrijednost knjige je nematerijalna, simbolička.
This paper presents the evaluation treatment and improvement of a patient with Broca's aphasia. A specific form of speech therapy, based on the peculiarities of the clinical picture of Broca's ...aphasia, was applied during one year. Our results have shown that this form of therapy leads to a significant improvement of the communicative abilities, even in the cases with severe form of aphasia. The importance of application of the specific methods and therapies for the rehabilitation of aphasic patients is pointed out.
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