Leading across national borders is a challenge, partly due to the cultural differences among employees in different locations. We investigate this dynamic for employees of a Swiss financial services ...company located in Switzerland and in Poland by surveying employees about their leadership expectations and experiences, as well as about their cultural values. We find that the leadership expectations of employees in these two locations do not differ significantly. However, their experience does, indicating the opportunity for further development of local Polish management practices and leadership behavior, and underlying the importance of local leadership development. In addition, we find that a few cultural dimensions have a significant impact on leadership expectations in both countries, indicating the opportunity to further refine situational leadership behavior throughout the organization independently of location. While organizations spanning across Western and Central European locations need to deal with significant differences in cultural and leadership expectation, our results suggest that they can effectively align leadership practices and thus mitigate the practical challenges arising from these differences.
River waters have been shown to be systematically enriched in the heavy molybdenum (Mo) isotopes when compared to typical granites and basalts, which generally possess Mo isotopic compositions ...(δ98/95Mo) of around 0‰. This inconsistency has been used to argue against weathering of crustal rocks as the cause for heavy riverine δ98/95Mo signatures. Incongruent dissolution of primary bedrock, however, may be an important process by which the anomalous Mo signatures of the river dissolved load are produced. This study therefore investigates the effect of igneous crustal rock weathering on the aquatic δ98/95Mo signal by comparing stream water and bedrock Mo isotope data to results of bulk rock leach experiments. For this purpose, stream water and bedrock (orthogneiss, granite, basalt), as well as soil and vegetation samples were collected in a small catchment in the French Massif Central. In accordance with the results of earlier studies on riverine Mo, both streams are isotopically heavier (δ98/95Mo=0.5–1.1‰) than the typical granites and basalts. The excellent agreement of these data with those of Mo released during experimental leaching of the basalt bedrock (0.6–1.0‰) identifies a predominance of basalt weathering over the stream water Mo geochemistry, while other processes (i.e. soil formation, secondary mineral precipitation and adsorption) are subordinate in this catchment. Given that the basalt bulk rock δ98/95Mo reflects a value typical for crustal magmatic rocks (ca. 0.1‰), Mo isotope fractionation during the incongruent dissolution of basalt can explain the observed isotopically heavy aquatic Mo signatures. Laser ablation analyses demonstrate that the volumetrically minor magmatic sulfides can be highly enriched in Mo and mass balance calculations identify the sulfide melt inclusions as the principal Mo source for the leach solutions. These data suggest that the magmatic sulfides possess a distinctly heavier δ98/95Mo signature than the coexisting silicate melt. In this case, Mo would behave like Fe by showing a detectable isotope fractionation at magmatic temperatures. Incongruent crustal bedrock weathering may thus cause a preferential release of heavy Mo isotopes. This effect, however, is highly dependent on the primary bedrock mineralogy. Consequently, the average continental runoff may have been significantly affected by incongruent weathering during periods when the Earth system was exceptionally far from steady state, e.g., large glaciations with enhanced physical weathering or large subaerial basalt eruptions such as the Deccan and the Siberian plateau.
Metalliferous deposits are ubiquitous in marine sediments and play a major role in the elemental cycles of iron, manganese, and other trace elements. The metalliferous sediments studied here were ...sampled near a basaltic seamount named “Dorado”, on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise, west of Nicoya Peninsula (Costa Rica). Based on heat flow data and porewater profiles, this site is an area of active low-temperature hydrothermal discharge. Most samples are from gravity core GC50, which is characterized by the presence of abundant authigenic minerals (mainly Fe–Mn-oxyhydroxides and apatites).
Our data suggest that these minerals have initially precipitated during the Miocene from a high-temperature hydrothermal plume when the Dorado site was located near the East Pacific Rise. With increasing distance from the ridge axis, the plume precipitates were buried under hemipelagic sediments. After the onset of the present-day low temperature hydrothermal activity these precipitates were dissolved and re-precipitated higher up in the sediment pile to form the observed assemblage of authigenic minerals.
The study thus shows that the metalliferous deposits of the Dorado seamount have a very complex origin, which could be unraveled by a combined approach based on Nd–Sr isotopes, REY data (rare earth elements and yttrium), and mineralogical observations.
► Metalliferous sediments from the Cocos plate (offshore Costa Rica) were studied. ► The site is in an area of active low-T hydrothermal discharge. ► Sediments contain authigenic Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides and apatite. ► Sm–Nd isotopes and REY data show a seawater signature for these authigenic phases. ► We interpret the data by remobilization of high-T plume deposits by low-T hydrothermalism.
Background and aims Rare Earth Elements (REE) are widely used to trace natural geochemical processes. They are also increasingly used by man (electronics industry, medicine, agriculture) and ...therefore considered as emerging pollutants. The present study documents REE mobility in non-polluted natural soil-plant systems in order to characterize their environmental availability for future anthropogenic pollution. Methods The study is based on a field approach in non-polluted natural sites with contrasting geological environments (limestone, granite, and carbonatite) and highly variable REE contents. Results REE concentrations in soils do not directly reflect bedrock concentrations, but depend largely on pedogenetic processes and on the mineralogy of bedrock and soil. The soils of all sites are with respect to bedrock enriched in heavy REE. The REE uptake by plants is not primarily controlled by the plant itself, but depends on the concentration and the speciation in the soil and the adsorbed soil water pool. Conclusions REE uptake by plant roots are linked with those of Fe. Roots absorb preferentially the light REE. Before translocation, REE are retained by the Casparian strip leading to much lower concentrations in the aerial parts. The transport of the REE within the xylem is associated with the general nutrient flux.
The Collatio Alexandri el Dindimi, an apocryphal letter exchange in Latin (early fifth century) between Alexander the Great and Dindimus, king of the Indian brahmins, is transmitted in about 100 ...manuscripts. The author of the present article has recently given a substantial amount of corrections and additions to the data initially provided by D.J.A. Ross (in 1956) for the Collatio manuscripts. Here, another twelve newly detected manuscripts are added together with their relevant data for the Collatio.
La Collatio Alexandri et Dindimi, un échange de cinq lettres apocryphes en latin (début du Ve siècle) entre Alexandre le Grand et Dindimus, roi des brahmanes indiens, est transmise par environ une ...centaine de manuscrits. L’auteur de cet essai a communiqué il y a peu de temps une substantielle liste de corrections et additions aux données initialement fournies par D. J. A. Ross (en 1956) sur les manuscrits de la Collatio. Dans l’essai présenté ici douze autres manuscrits récemment découverts ont été ajoutés aux listes précédentes.
The Collatio Alexandri et Dindimi, an apocryphal letter exchange in Latin (early fifth century) between Alexander the Great and Dindimus, king of the Indian brahmins, is transmitted in about 100 manuscripts. The author of the present article has recently given a substantial amount of corrections and additions to the data initially provided by D. J. A. Ross (in 1956) for the Collatio manuscripts. Here, another twelve newly detected manuscripts are added together with their relevant data for the Collatio.
To understand the variability of methane (CH.sub.4) fluxes between a temperate mid-altitude Sphagnum-dominated peatland and the atmosphere, we monitored simultaneously eddy covariance, ...hydrometeorological and physical parameters between April 2019 and December 2021. The site was a CH.sub.4 source for the atmosphere, with a cumulative emission of 23.9 ± 0.6 g C m.sup.-2 year.sup.-1. At the interannual scale, deeper water table during vegetation growth periods resulted in lower CH.sub.4 fluxes (FCH4), and reciprocally. Furthermore, the seasonal temperature variation in the anaerobic peat layer was a good predictor for FCH4. However, while the lowest temperatures occurred between December and February, the lowest FCH4 were observed between March and May, with around 30% of negative FCH4. Indeed, the fastest increase in temperature of the aerobic layer likely stimulated methanotrophy at the expense of methanogenesis. Negative FCH4, systematically observed at midday, were concurrent with high photon flux densities, latent heat fluxes and net negative ecosystem CO.sub.2 exchanges, suggesting the control of photosynthesis over CH.sub.4 oxidation. Moreover, our results highlighted marked diurnal cycles with FCH4 maximal at night and minimal at midday for all seasons. This diurnal cyclicity is in opposition to what is typically known for peatlands dominated by vascular plants. Physical parameters, such as soil surface temperature and sensible heat fluxes, likely contribute to this diurnal FCH4 cyclicity and require further investigation. Our study thus demonstrates that diurnal variations in FCH4 must be considered before upscaling to seasonal or annual cycles, along with the effect of vegetation on CH.sub.4 transfer and oxidation processes.
The occurrence and fluxes of 18 priority substances and emerging pollutants listed in the European Union Water Framework Directive and a Watch List (trace metals (Cd, Pb and Ni), nonylphenols, ...octylphenols, 8 polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 4 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and diclofenac) were investigated in a Ukrainian city and the mass discharge loads of these compounds into EU-transboundary watersheds were estimated. Fluxes of chemicals were calculated per capita and per area of the Ukrainian urban territory and used to estimate mass loading of priority and emerging concern compounds from Lviv, Uzhorod and Chernivtsi (West Ukraine) to neighbouring EU-transboundary rivers. The highest loading was found for trace metals (1.15 t a−1), diclofenac (0.7 t a−1) and nonylphenols (0.4 t a−1). Transboundary water contamination must be considered in order to successfully manage water resources in a manner that fulfils the requirements of EU environmental quality standards.
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•Priority substances and emerging pollutants in urban waters in Ukraine exceed EU standards.•Loading of priority substances from Ukrainian cities into EU rivers can be over 2 t a−1.•Chemicals banned in the EU can reach EU water resources from this transboundary country.•Transboundary water management is needed to fulfil EU water quality standards.
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