This research was carried out in a selection stand of beech and fir, where logging was performed with chainsaws of different powers. Two chainsaws of 3.9 kW were used for work on one area, while on ...the other one the applied tools were a combination of a smaller and a larger saw (2.5 kW and 3.9 kW). After logging, the consumption of energy products (fuel (gasoline and motor oil mix ratio 50:1) and chainsaw oil) was measured for each individual chainsaw by the method of refueling. It was found that the power of the chainsaw, i.e., the combination of chainsaws of different powers, significantly influences the consumption of energy products in a beech–fir mixed stand. By using a combination of one larger and one smaller chainsaw instead of two larger chainsaws, savings of about 26% for fuel and 24% for oil were achieved. The prediction analysis found that by using two chainsaws (of lower and higher power) instead of two higher power chainsaws (currently common mode of work) in beech stands for an estimated volume of about 1 million m3 year−1, the savings could be about 54,000 L of fuel and about 19,000 L of oil. In monetary value, this is a saving of about EUR 120,000 year−1, i.e., of about 2,500,000 MJ year−1 of energy.
The construction of forest roads is considered to be one of the most pronounced anthropogenic impacts on the environment in the forests of national parks. In order to reduce the negative impacts of ...forest roads on the environment, the planning of a multifunctional network of forest roads must be approached systematically, taking into account a number of aspects. In recent years, a large number of methods have been developed to reach a final solution based on a multitude of criteria, with a particular emphasis on multi-criteria analysis (MCA) in combination with a geographic information system (GIS). This paper presents the possibility of applying the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in combination with GIS, in order to select suitable locations for the construction of forest roads in the ?Fruska gora? National park. The decision maker evaluated 6 selected criteria to determine the suitability of locations, where ?the presence of water sources? and ?the risk of fire? were identified as the criteria with the greatest impact on the suit?ability of locations, while the ?annual cut? criterion had the least impact.
Planning forest truck roads network involves a lot of factors that directly affect their density and length. Depending on the purpose of the forest truck road network, this number is higher or lower. ...Our opinion was that these factors should be divided into invariable and variable. Common parameters, regardless of the purpose of the roads, are morphometric parameters because they can limit the length and density of the network of forest truck roads due to their variety of forms. For this reason, this paper deals exclusively with the morphometric characteristics of the terrain and their influence on the density of the network of forest truck roads. The DEM of the terrain was processed with GIS software based on the seven most important influencing factors. By standardizing the criteria, the obtained maps were reclassified, and then each of the seven selected parameters was weighted with the coefficients obtained by the AHP method.In this way, a map of the suitability of the terrain for the construction and addition to the existing network of forest truck roads was obtained. The terrain is divided into 4 categories of suitability. Zero lines were drawn with GIS tools for road design. During the creation of the optimal road network, it was tested with absolute and relative openness.As a final result, each of 26 Forest Economic Areas (FEA) was assigned to one of 4 categories of terrain suitability for the construction and density of the forest truck road network. For each category of terrain convenience, the optimal absolute and relative openness is shown. Based on this work, we suggest that the use of morphometric parameters should be considered as the first step of forest road planning in other regions.
This paper presents a multi-criteria selection of the best forest road network with the aim of achieving effective preventive and timely repressive protection against forest fires. The research was ...carried out in national park (NP) "Tara" at a site which is under constant threat of fire. Four variants of the forest road network were designed and analyzed against seven criteria, and the best variant was selected using entropy weight coefficients (EWC) method. The importance of these seven criteria was studied by the management of the NP "Tara." The greatest importance was given to the criteria relating to the cost of construction and maintenance of permanent and temporary roads (47% of the total value of all criteria). The EWC method did not select the variant based on the lowest costs of construction and maintenance as the best option, but the variant whose location was the most suitable for effective defense against forest fires.
In most cases, the planning of funding for the construction of a forest truck
road causes difficulty to planners. Although a forest management plan (FMP)
indicates the number of roads to be built ...annually for the next development
period with the average cost of construction, this information is quite
general and based on experiential estimates. The aim of this paper is to
determine the average cost of forest truck road construction in the Republic
of Srpska, as well as to calculate the average costs of individual phases of
operation. The obtained average cost of forest road construction, resulting
from the analysis of 71 major projects in 11 forest areas encompassing 178
km of forest roads, is 32,490.87 ?/km. The obtained results point to the
interesting fact that forest road construction is the most expensive in hilly
areas with an altitude ranging between 200 and 500 m (34,298.28 ?/km), while
it is the cheapest (30,922.88 ?/km) in medium mountainous areas, with
altitudes between 1000 and 2000 m.
nema
Stump removal is a regular measure of terrain preparation during the establishment of poplar plantations. It is implemented in order to increase the efficiency of implementation of regular ...silvicultural measures, but also the efficiency of comprehensive wood mass utilization. Stump removal in poplar plantations is performed by various facilities, including various types of wood chippers attached to a tractor of certain technical characteristics. The aim of this paper is the evaluation of efficiency of the tractor ?Same Laser 150? with the wood chipper ?Rotor S? attached to it, during the stump chipping of soft and hard broadleaves in various operating conditions. The research was carried out in several sample plots located in an area managed by the public enterprise ?Vojvodina sume?. The differentiation of the operating conditions was based on multiple criteria (distance between stumps, level of forest order establishment, carrying capacity of the ground, percentage share of tree species, etc.). The work effects of stump chipping were established using the work and time study. The duration of stump chipping ranged from 0,82 min/stump to 2,29 min/stump and it depended on stump diameter, root system development, diameter of the auger used for stump chipping, tractor power, etc. In addition to being dependent on some other things, chipping time depends on the number of passes and auger diameter. The time of transition from stump to stump is under the highest impact of ground conditions, which implies the amount of wood residue, the presence of stump shoots, and the occurrence of high weeds. The implemented analysis served as the basis for the ranking of the factors depending on their impact on the work effects of the investigated facility. In addition, it was concluded that greater effects can be achieved by using the command that provides a forward and backward movement of the aggregate without pushing the clutch pedal and pulling the gearshift lever, but also by installing a handle for the change of rpm (revolutions per minute) of the output shaft in the driver?s cabin. This handle is currently located on a differential housing next to the left wheel, so the driver has to leave the cabin to change the rpm of the output shaft. Another problem is that the tractor ?Same Laser 150? has double commands installed in the cabin: the clutch, brake and gas pedal, but when the seat makes a 180 degree turn those pedals are not at the adequate height. In addition to that, the operator does not have enough space for work in the tractor cabin. An increased cabin space and a better position of the above mentioned commands would enhance work efficiency.
nema
The planning of a forest road network is preceded by a detailed analysis of
the current qualitative and quantitative state of forest roads, and above
all, the determination of their spatial layout. ...This paper presents a
categorization and assessment of the state of the existing roads in the FMUs
"Zeljin" and "Bukovik II" and defining of the parts of management units with
insufficiently developed networks of forest roads. The identification of
unopened and insufficiently opened parts of management units was performed on
the basis of density of a forest road network by departments and using a
fishnet with 500 x 500 m cell dimensions and buffer zones of different widths
around forest roads. The absolute density of a forest road network in the FMU
"Zeljin" is 18.62 m/ha and in the FMU "Bukovik II" 12.03 m/ha. After placing
buffer zones around forest roads, it was found that in the FMU "Zeljin" over
56% of the area is covered by the zone ranging from 0 to 200 m, while in the
FMU "Bukovik II" this zone covers 48% of the area.
This paper presents the results of an analysis of fuel consumption in the
transport of technical roundwood of soft broadleaves from the felling site to
a roadside landing using forwarders and tractor ...assemblies. The research was
performed in various operating conditions in the area of FE "Banat" Pancevo.
On the basis of the results of the analysis of variance, the data recorded in
a variety of conditions were grouped. In addition, the dependence of fuel
consumption on the average volume of tour was estimated. The results of the
conducted analysis indicate that operating conditions significantly affect
fuel consumption of the investigated vehicles. The elements of statistical
analysis of the dependence of fuel consumption on the volume of load indicate
that an increase in load causes increased fuel consumption per unit of
production. Having in mind the results of the analysis of variance, unique
norms of fuel consumption were adopted for practical purposes. The highest
average consumption (1.21 L/m3) was achieved by a tractor assembly (Same
Laser 130 tractor and Imako TP12 trailer with a Loglift 61F hydraulic crane),
while significantly lower consumption was achieved by a John Deere 1210E
forwarder (1.06 L/m3). In favourable operating conditions, consumption of the
forwarder was about 0.9 L/m3.
nema