Data from the Cosmic Ray Subsystem on the Voyager spacecraft were used to measure the spectra of He, C, N, O, and Ne with 4-124 MeV per nucleon (for O) during solar minimum conditions near the end of ...1977. By subtracting both a low-energy interplanetary component and the high-energy galactic component, the energy spectra of the 'anomalous' cosmic-ray species He, N, O, and Ne are determined. The energy dependences of such spectra are found to depend upon the charge state of the particles, their source spectra, and the rigidity dependence of the diffusion coefficient. If the source spectra at the boundary of the modulation region have similar power-law energy dependences, then the observed energy spectra indicate that the anomalous particles are singly ionized.
Abstract
Aspects of the behavior of ovigerous Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) were studied in Fritz Cove, Alaska. To test fidelity and homing ability of crabs to their brooding site, we ...ultrasonically tagged eight ovigerous crabs and transplanted them 1.4 km from their brooding site. Eight ultrasonically tagged control crabs were returned to the brooding site. Crab movements were subsequently monitored weekly from late February to October to determine activity patterns and seasonal shifts in depth distribution and habitat use. Seven females transplanted away from the brooding site homed back to that site within 13 to 20 d. Ovigerous female crabs showed fidelity to the head of the cove and ranged a maximum of 3.4 km. Crabs had distinct seasonal patterns of depth distribution, habitat use, and activity which were related to reproductive status. The general pattern for female crabs was: (1) a relatively inactive period during winter and early spring at depths greater than −16 m; ovigerous crabs were typically buried during this period in a dense aggregation; (2) an abrupt movement into shallow water (less than −10 m) during mid-April and residence there until late June; this movement was coincident with the spring phytoplankton bloom and initiation of larval hatching; and (3) increased activity beginning in July with movement back to deeper water presumably to forage. Females that molted prior to oviposition did so between late May and September. Females occupied depths between +1.6 and −107.3 m. Home ranges were small (< 4% of the total cove habitat) and varied with crab size; smaller crabs had larger home ranges. Ovigerous females brooded embryos in a small, discrete area of unconsolidated, homogeneous, fine sand. These sediments were also highly permeable. Annual use of the main brooding area was documented for a 12-year period and emphasizes the importance of this essential habitat.
An international group of neurologists and radiologists developed revised guidelines for standardized brain and spinal cord MR imaging for the diagnosis and follow-up of MS. A brain MR imaging with ...gadolinium is recommended for the diagnosis of MS. A spinal cord MR imaging is recommended if the brain MR imaging is nondiagnostic or if the presenting symptoms are at the level of the spinal cord. A follow-up brain MR imaging with gadolinium is recommended to demonstrate dissemination in time and ongoing clinically silent disease activity while on treatment, to evaluate unexpected clinical worsening, to re-assess the original diagnosis, and as a new baseline before starting or modifying therapy. A routine brain MR imaging should be considered every 6 months to 2 years for all patients with relapsing MS. The brain MR imaging protocol includes 3D T1-weighted, 3D T2-FLAIR, 3D T2-weighted, post-single-dose gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted sequences, and a DWI sequence. The progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy surveillance protocol includes FLAIR and DWI sequences only. The spinal cord MR imaging protocol includes sagittal T1-weighted and proton attenuation, STIR or phase-sensitive inversion recovery, axial T2- or T2*-weighted imaging through suspicious lesions, and, in some cases, postcontrast gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted imaging. The clinical question being addressed should be provided in the requisition for the MR imaging. The radiology report should be descriptive, with results referenced to previous studies. MR imaging studies should be permanently retained and available. The current revision incorporates new clinical information and imaging techniques that have become more available.
The Integrated Science Investigations of the Sun (IS\(\odot\)IS) instrument suite includes two Energetic Particle instruments: EPI-Hi, designed to measure ions from ~1-200 MeV/nuc, and EPI-Lo, ...designed to measure ions from ~20 keV/nuc to ~15 MeV/nuc. We present an analysis of eight energetic proton events observed across the energy range of both instruments during PSP's first two orbits in order to examine their combined energy spectra. Background corrections are applied to help resolve spectral breaks between the two instruments and are shown to be effective. In doing so we demonstrate that, even in the early stages of calibration, IS\(\odot\)IS is capable of producing reliable spectral observations across broad energy ranges. In addition to making groundbreaking measurements very near the Sun, IS\(\odot\)IS also characterizes energetic particle populations over a range of heliocentric distances inside 1 au. During the first two orbits, IS\(\odot\)IS observed energetic particle events from a single corotating interaction region (CIR) at three different distances from the Sun. The events are separated by two Carrington rotations and just 0.11 au in distance, however the relationship shown between proton intensities and proximity of the spacecraft to the source region shows evidence of the importance of transport effects on observations of energetic particles from CIRs. Future IS\(\odot\)IS observations of similar events over larger distances will help disentangle the effects of CIR-related acceleration and transport. We apply similar spectral analyses to the remaining five events, including four that are likely related to stream interaction regions (SIRs) and one solar energetic particle (SEP) event.
Animal welfare can be negatively affected when dairy cattle experience heat stress. Managing heat stress has become more of a challenge than ever before, due to the increasing number of production ...animals with increased milk yield, and therefore greater metabolic activity. Environmental temperatures have increased by 1.0°C since the 1800s and are expected to continue to increase by another 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052. Heat stress affects production, reproduction, nutrition, health, and welfare. Means exist to monitor and evaluate heat stress in dairy cattle, as well as different ways to abate heat, all with varying levels of effectiveness. This paper is a summary and compilation of information on dairy cattle heat stress over the years.
The first coded-aperture images of the Galactic center region at energies above 30 keV have revealed two strong gamma-ray sources. One source has been identified with the X-ray source IE 1740.7 - ...2942, located 0.8 deg away from the nucleus. If this source is at the distance of the Galactic center, it is one of the most luminous objects in the galaxy at energies from 35 to 200 keV. The second source is consistent in location with the X-ray source GX 354 + 0 (MXB 1728-34). In addition, gamma-ray flux from the location of GX 1 + 4 was marginally detected at a level consistent with other post-1980 measurements. No significant hard X-ray or gamma-ray flux was detected from the direction of the Galactic nucleus or from the direction of the recently discovered gamma-ray source GRS 1758-258.
Effects of protein source and nutrient density on growth efficiency, histology and plasma amino acid concentration of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Walbaum were investigated. Factorial analyses ...revealed that protein source did affect growth rate, with trout fed the fish meal-free diets growing about 10% slower than the trout fed diets with over 40% fish meal. Elevated feed conversions (FCRs) and reduced protein retention efficiency (PRE) and energy retention efficiency (ERE) was also observed for trout fed the fish meal-free diets. It was indicated that the plant concentrates (PC) diets were 38% more expensive and the plant meal (PM) diets were 28% less expensive, than the fish meal-barley (F-B) diet. It was suggested that the fish meal-free PM would be benchmark for future improvements in plant based trout feeds.
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