The article examines the creation of a Cost Economy Energy Savings Simulation Model (CEESS Model) as an economic scenario generator for energy-independent structures using the Monte Carlo method. The ...CEESS model is a continuous simulation model created on the ExtendSim simulation system platform. The problem is related to the constantly changing environmental parameters for the purpose of energy security for buildings as modern, energy-independent and self-sufficient systems. In terms of the implementation of the defined part of the research, a logistical approach was applied: system analysis, coordination, algorithm work, planning, efficiency. We define logistics as a system, principle, philosophy of management of flows. The numerous simulation experiments carried out show that the return on investment of the option with an initial investment of 5000 euros is in the range of 2422 to 4978 days, the return on investment of the option with an initial investment of 10000 euros is in the range of 4233 to 7902 days and the return on investment of the option with an initial investment of 15000 euros is in the range of 5691 to 10073 days. 32 refs.
This work reports on the sensitivity of accumulated precipitation to the microphysical parameterization in simulations of deep convective storms using a three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic cloud model ...with a simple liquid-ice microphysics scheme. Various intercept parameters from an assumed Marshall-Palmer exponential size distribution are tested along with two particle densities for the hail/graupel (qh) category. These variations allow testing of unique qh distributions that have been observed and documented in previous literature. Tests are conducted for a single thermodynamic profile and three idealized wind shear profiles. The amount of accumulated precipitation at the ground is very sensitive to the way the qh category is parameterized. Distributions characterized by larger intercepts and/or smaller particle density have a smaller mass-weighted mean terminal fall velocity and produce smaller qh mixing ratios spread over a larger area. For example, for a qh category weighted toward graupel, only a fourth as much precipitation accumulates on the ground over 2 h (and none is hail) compared to a qh category weighted toward large hail (with baseball-sized stones common). The inherent uncertainty within the qh distribution for this simple cloud-scale three-class ice microphysics scheme suggests limited usefulness in the forecasting of ground-accumulated precipitation and damaging hail.
Polarimetric radar observations above the melting layer in winter storms reveal enhanced differential reflectivityZ
DRand specific differential phase shiftK
DP, collocated with reduced copolar ...correlation coefficient ρhv; these signatures often appear as isolated “pockets.” High-resolution RHIs and vertical profiles of polarimetric variables were analyzed for a winter storm that occurred in Oklahoma on 27 January 2009, observed with the polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) in Norman. TheZ
DRmaximum and ρhvminimum are located within the temperature range between −10° and −15°C, whereas theK
DPmaximum is located just below theZ
DRmaximum. These signatures are coincident with reflectivity factorZH
that increases toward the ground. A simple kinematical, one-dimensional, two-moment bulk microphysical model is developed and coupled with electromagnetic scattering calculations to explain the nature of the observed polarimetric signature. The microphysics model includes nucleation, deposition, and aggregation and considers only ice-phase hydrometeors. Vertical profiles of the polarimetric radar variables (ZH
,Z
DR,K
DP, and ρhv) were calculated using the output from the microphysical model. The base model run reproduces the general profile and magnitude of the observedZH
and ρhvand the correct shape (but not magnitude) ofZ
DRandK
DP. Several sensitivity experiments were conducted to determine if the modeled signatures of all variables can match the observed ones. The model was incapable of matching both the observed magnitude and shape of all polarimetric variables, however. This implies that some processes not included in the model (such as secondary ice generation) are important in producing the signature.
In order to deal with the current, dramatic decline in biodiversity, the public at large needs to be aware of and participate in biodiversity research activities. One way to do this is citizen ...science projects, in which researchers collaborate with volunteering citizens in scientific research. However, it remains unclear whether engaging in such projects has an impact on the learning outcomes of volunteers. Previous research has so far presented mixed results on the improvement of citizens' attitudes and knowledge, mostly because such research has focused only on single aspects of citizen science projects in case studies. To address these limitations, we investigated the impact of an urban bat ecology project on citizens' attitudes and knowledge about bats, and on their engagement with citizen science. We also examined whether the degree of citizen participation (i.e., collecting data vs. collecting and analyzing data) had an influence on the outcomes. We conducted four field studies and used a survey-based, experimental, pre-/post-measurement design. To vary the degree of participation, we assessed the post measurement in one group directly after data collection, whereas, in a second group, we assessed it after data collection and analysis, at the end of the project. Across all studies, the results demonstrated that citizens' content knowledge of urban bat ecology increased, and their attitudes toward bats and toward their engagement in citizen science improved during their participation. Citizens' degrees of participation did not influence these outcomes. Thus, our research illustrates that citizen science can increase awareness of urban bat conservation, independently of citizens' degree of participation. We discuss the implications of our findings for the citizen science community.
When designing simulation models of large-scale logistics systems in manufacturing, such as automotive industry or engineering and petrochemical production, creators of these models consider how to ...properly render the whole system in one simulation model as accurately as possible. One possible approach to designing such models is the application of a hierarchic structure. The structure groups and combines the essential elements of simulation models into larger units. The aim of the paper is to analyse and identify the potential of the computer simulation using a hierarchic structure for increasing the effectiveness of designing large-scale logistics systems in manufacturing. A case study from the automotive industry using EXTENDSIM software environment is used for that purpose.
The paper deals with the streamlining of production logistics by using the example of a specific construction production company – through design via ExtendSim computer simulation. The issue concerns ...researching procedures for the company's long-term sustainable competitiveness in the production of building components in a very competitive market. The research aims to use computer simulation as a means for the regular streamlining of production logistics in a specific manufacturing company, focusing on the production of building parts. The company in question produces building material, which takes place in two types of kilns: the first for drying products, the second for product firing. Yet, these operations represent a bottleneck in terms of production logistics. The final packaging of the daily production of construction products is approximately 280-320 pallets in 12 hours. Yet by adjusting the parameters of production logistics in individual parts of material flow, production can be boosted by 14.96 %. The given solution can be practically applied to modernise production, without additional cost, simply by changing work organisation and the production's bottleneck parameters.
This book focuses specifically on bin and bulk parameterizations for the prediction of cloud and precipitation at various scales - the cloud scale, mesoscale, synoptic scale, and the global climate ...scale. It provides a background to the fundamental principles of parameterization physics, including processes involved in the production of clouds, ice particles, liquid water, snow aggregate, graupel and hail. It presents full derivations of the parameterizations, allowing readers to build parameterization packages, with varying levels of complexity based on information in the book. Architectures for a range of dynamical models are given, in which parameterizations form a significant tool for investigating large non-linear numerical systems. Model codes are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521883382. Written for researchers and advanced students of cloud and precipitation microphysics, this book is also a valuable reference for all atmospheric scientists involved in models of numerical weather prediction.
Wolf management actions are seldom universally accepted and understanding diverse opinions is of value for conservation practitioners. Previous research has either investigated cognitions or emotions ...to understand public acceptability of wolf management actions. We investigated both concepts simultaneously to identify whether their predictive potentials are mutually exclusive. A survey measuring wildlife value orientations, valence (positive-negative emotions) toward wolves, and responses to wolf management actions (doing nothing, public education, lethal control) was completed by 597 Dutch and German university students. Valence predicted the acceptability of all wolf management actions. Wildlife value orientations predicted the acceptability of lethal control and partially public education but not of doing nothing. Emotions thus added predictive potential next to cognitions to understand responses to wolf management actions. For both research and practice, it is important to acknowledge that the acceptability of wolf management actions is not only guided by what people think, but also by what they feel.
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