We have analyzed gene expression in various brain regions of humans and chimpanzees. Within both human and chimpanzee individuals, the transcriptomes of the cerebral cortex are very similar to each ...other and differ more between individuals than among regions within an individual. In contrast, the transcriptomes of the cerebral cortex, the caudate nucleus, and the cerebellum differ substantially from each other. Between humans and chimpanzees, 10% of genes differ in their expression in at least one region of the brain. The majority of these expression differences are shared among all brain regions. Whereas genes encoding proteins involved in signal transduction and cell differentiation differ significantly between brain regions within individuals, no such pattern is seen between the species. However, a subset of genes that show expression differences between humans and chimpanzees are distributed nonrandomly across the genome. Furthermore, genes that show an elevated expression level in humans are statistically significantly enriched in regions that are recently duplicated in humans.
Purpose
To investigate the accuracy of a miniaturized dynamic navigation system with intraoral markers and two different workflows for dental implantation and to compare with static computer‐assisted ...implant surgery (sCAIS) surgery.
Materials and Methods
Two operators performed a total of 270 implant insertions in polyurethane mandibular models under simulated clinical conditions. Implants were placed after CBCT‐based virtual planning in three different groups: two workflows utilizing dynamic computer‐assisted implant surgery (dCAIS; DG1: marker in CBCT; DG2: 3D‐printed marker) and the others with sCAIS (TG: template guided). Postoperative surface scans were matched to the planning data and allowed an evaluation of the angular and spatial deviation between the planned and the actually achieved implant position. Descriptive statistics were followed by a Mixed Model Analysis to determine the influence of the operator, the method, and operating area on different accuracy parameters and the random effect of the model number.
Results
The mean angular deviation ranged from 2.26° (DG1) to 2.96° (TG). The mean 3D deviation at the implant's tip ranged from 1.08 mm (TG) to 1.51 mm (DG2) and at the implant's base from 0.69 mm (TG) to 1.49 mm (DG2). The operator showed no significant influence on the accuracy. The method showed significant influence on singular parameters and the operating area on all spatial accuracy parameters.
Conclusions
Dynamic navigation systems with intraoral markers enable accurate implant positioning, which is comparable to the static‐guided implant surgery. 3D‐printed markers provide less accurate results compared to prefabricated markers, attached before CBCT scan.
1. The habitat heterogeneity (HHH) and individual adjustment (IAH) hypotheses are commonly proposed to explain a decrease in reproduction rate with increasing population density. Higher numbers of ...low-quality territories with low reproductive success as density increases lead to a decrease in reproduction under the HHH, while more competition at high density decreases reproduction across all territories under the IAH. 2. We analyse the influence of density and habitat heterogeneity on reproductive success in eight populations of long-lived territorial birds of prey belonging to four species. Sufficient reliability in distinguishing between population-wide, site-specific and individual quality effects on reproduction was granted through the minimal duration of 20 years of all data sets and the ability to control for individual quality in five of them. 3. Density increased in five populations but reproduction did not decrease in these. Territory occupancy as a surrogate of territory quality correlated positively with reproductive success but only significantly so in large data sets with more than 100 territories. 4. Reproductive success was always best explained by measures of territory quality in multivariate models. Direct or delayed (t-1) population density entered very few of the best models. Mixed models controlling for individual quality showed an increasing reproductive performance in older individuals and in those laying earlier, but measures of territory quality were also always retained in the best models. 5. We find strong support for the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis but weak support for the individual adjustment hypothesis. Both individual and site characteristics are crucial for reproductive performance in long-lived birds. Proportional occupancy of territories enables recognition of highquality territories as preferential conservation targets.
Linking age-specific vital rates to population growth through demographic matrix models can enhance our understanding of crucial population processes, vital in a conservation context. The ...white-tailed eagle (
Haliaeetus albicilla) population in the Federal State of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, has been monitored since re-colonisation in 1947 and provides a well-documented example of a recovery. We test how demographic models capture growth trajectories of a recovering population and how applicable they are in guiding population management of endangered species. From 1947 to 1974, the population was stable but the growth rate predicted by an age-structured matrix model was −6.1% per annum. The small but stable population must have been maintained by immigration. From 1975 to 2008, observed and predicted population growths were very similar (6.7% and 4% per annum respectively). Elasticity and life-stage simulation analyses identified adult and pre-breeding survival as key vital rate elements. While the prospective analyses identified survival as the key vital rate influencing population growth, the increasing reproduction rate allowed the recovery to take place; thus caution is needed when prospective modelling makes management recommendations. Nevertheless, conservation efforts should address key mortality factors such as lead poisoning and collision with wind turbines. A logistic model predicted a maximum carrying capacity of 255 pairs for the Federal State, but using the highest currently observed density (1.4 pairs per 100
km
2) and differences in habitat suitability, a more likely carrying capacity was estimated at 122 pairs. Under both scenarios, current population growth should slow soon.
Glycosylation patterns in antibodies critically determine biological and physical properties but their precise control is a significant challenge in biology and biotechnology. We describe herein the ...optimization of an endoglycosidase‐catalyzed glycosylation of the best‐selling biotherapeutic Herceptin, an anti‐HER2 antibody. Precise MS analysis of the intact four‐chain Ab heteromultimer reveals nonspecific, non‐enzymatic reactions (glycation), which are not detected under standard denaturing conditions. This competing reaction, which has hitherto been underestimated as a source of side products, can now be minimized. Optimization allowed access to the purest natural form of Herceptin to date (≥90 %). Moreover, through the use of a small library of sugars containing non‐natural functional groups, Ab variants containing defined numbers of selectively addressable chemical tags (reaction handles at Sia C1) in specific positions (for attachment of cargo molecules or “glycorandomization”) were readily generated.
Der Blockbuster‐Antikörper Herceptin ist durch natürliche Glykosylierung mittels chemoenzymatischem Aufbau gekoppelt mit Massenspektrometrie des intakten Antikörpers zugänglich (siehe Bild). Herceptin wurde in hoher Reinheit (>90 %) erhalten, wenn nichtspezifische, nichtenzymatische Reaktionen (Glykierung) zurückgedrängt wurden. Glykosylierung mit nichtnatürlichen Zuckern ermöglichte ferner das regioselektive Anbringen einer Fracht.
Big-bracted dogwoods (Cornus sp.) are well-known plants in North America and eastern Asia where they occur as wild, generally spring-flowering understory trees. They are also popular ornamental ...landscape plants, and many economically important cultivars are propagated and sold across North America, Europe, and Asia. Starting in the late 1960s, Elwin Orton of Rutgers University in New Jersey (USA) utilized three geographically disjunct species of dogwoods, Cornusflorida (eastern North America), Cornusnuttallii (western North America), and Cornuskousa (East Asia), in an extensive interspecific hybridization program. He was successful in developing the first-ever interspecific F1 hybrids of these species, several of which have become staple items in the ornamental nursery trade due to their enhanced ornamental qualities and resistance to diseases. The original F1 plants are still alive at Rutgers University. While they have been available for decades in horticultural commerce, the interspecific hybrid crosses were never formally described and their scientific hybrid names were never published. For the Cornuskousa × Cornusflorida hybrids, the name Cornus 'rutgersensis' has been used on occasion in the horticultural trade, but without proper citation and description. Here, it is formally named Cornus×rutgersensis Mattera, T. Molnar, & Struwe, hybr. nov. For the Cornuskousa × Cornusnuttallii hybrids, no previous name has been used, and it is hereby named Cornus×elwinortonii Mattera, T. Molnar, & Struwe, hybr. nov. The need for providing scientific names for commonly used horticultural hybrids is discussed. Holotype material for both hybrid names was collected from the original F1 hybrids for full documentation, typification, and description. The comparative intermediate development of leaves, inflorescence structures, and fruit types of the hybrids and their parents is discussed and illustrated. Etymology, phenology, and cultivation aspects of these hybrids and their cultivars including backcrosses to Cornuskousa are also presented.
Fucose ist ein essenzieller Desoxyzucker, der in einer Vielzahl biologisch relevanter Glykane und ihrer Konjugate vorkommt. Ein verbreitetes Problem in massenspektrometrischen Analysen von ...fucosylierten Glykanen ist der intramolekulare Transfer von Fucoseeinheiten, der zu fehlerhaften Sequenzzuordnungen führen kann. Diese Migrationsreaktion wird typischerweise der Aktivierung während der kollisionsinduzierten Dissoziation in der Tandem‐Massenspektrometrie (Tandem‐MS) zugeordnet. Hier wird erstmals mit Kaltionen‐Spektroskopie gezeigt, dass Fucose‐Migration nicht auf Fragmente beschränkt ist, die in der Tandem‐MS erhalten werden, sondern auch in intakten Glykan‐Ionen beobachtet werden kann. Diese Beobachtung lässt auf eine mögliche niedrige Energiebarriere für diese Transferreaktion schließen und verallgemeinert die Fucose‐Migration zu einem Problem, das bei jeder Art von Massenspektrometrie‐Experiment auftreten kann.
Ein wiederkehrendes Problem in der Tandem‐Massenspektrometrie protonierter Glykane ist die Fucose‐Migration, die zu irreführenden Fragmenten führt. Kaltionen‐IR‐Spektroskopie zeigt nun, dass Fucose‐Migration nicht notwendigerweise auf Fragmente beschränkt ist, die in der Tandem‐Massenspektrometrie erhalten werden, sondern auch in intakten Ionen auftritt. CID=kollisionsinduzierte Dissoziation; rot: Fucose, gelb: Galactose, blau: N‐Acetylglucosamin.
Die Vielfalt der in Glykanen und ihren Konjugaten vorhandenen stereochemischen Isomere stellt eine Herausforderung für ihre Strukturanalyse dar. Üblicherweise wird Massenspektrometrie (MS) in ...Kombination mit Flüssigchromatographie oder Ionenmobilitätstrennung verwendet. Allerdings machen strukturell ähnliche Isomere, die häufig koexistieren, eine eindeutige Identifizierung unmöglich. Andere Methoden wie Gasphasen‐Infrarot‐Spektroskopie waren bisweilen auf kleinere Glykane beschränkt, da die räumliche Flexibilität und die thermische Aktivierung während der Messung eine mangelnde spektrale Auflösung verursachen. Dieses Defizit kann durch Kaltionen‐Spektroskopie überwunden werden. Die spektralen Fingerabdrücke kalter Oligosaccharid‐Ionen weisen eine beträchtliche Anzahl hochaufgelöster Absorptionsbanden auf, die selbst minimale Strukturvariationen anzeigen. Kaltionen‐Spektroskopie könnte sich in Verbindung mit sequenzieller MS als Schlüsseltechnologie zur Strukturbestimmung komplexer Glykome erweisen.
Fingerabdrücke, bitte! Die Vielfalt der in Glykanen vorhandenen stereochemischen Isomere stellt eine Herausforderung dar. Kaltionen‐Spektroskopie kann als ultimative analytische Methode dienen, um die komplexen Strukturen von Oligosacchariden vollständig zu entschlüsseln. Das bemerkenswerte Auflösungsvermögen liefert selbst für kleinste Strukturvariationen isomerer Glykane ein einzigartiges und höchst diagnostisches Absorptionsmuster – ein wahrer spektraler Fingerabdruck.
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