Grapes are rich in primary and secondary metabolites. Among the secondary metabolites, polyphenolic compounds are the most abundant in grape berries. Besides their important impacts on grape and wine ...quality, this class of compounds has beneficial effects on human health. Due to their antioxidant activity, polyphenols and phenolic acids can act as anti-inflammatory and anticancerogenic agents, and can modulate the immune system. In grape berries, polyphenols and phenolic acids can be located in the pericarp and seeds, but distribution differs considerably among these tissues. Although some classes of polyphenols and phenolic acids are under strict genetic control, the final content is highly influenced by environmental factors, such as climate, soil, vineyard, and management. This review aims to present the main classes of polyphenolic compounds and phenolic acids in different berry tissues and grape varieties and special emphasis on their beneficial effect on human health.
Coastal region of Croatia is rich in autochthonous grape varieties. Many of them have been almost abandoned, such as the autochthonous varieties of Kastav (Croatia), used for the production of the ...Kastavska Belica wine. Therefore, the rationale of the presented study is to characterize autochthonous grape varieties Verdić, Mejsko belo, Jarbola, Divjaka and Brajkovac. In addition, we performed a molecular characterization of the corresponding Belica wines.
Firstly, the genetic origin and ampelographic and economic characteristics of five autochthonous grape varieties were determined. Standard physicochemical profiles and phenolic components of 12 wines from different producers were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-QQQ-MS). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for determination of standard physicochemical parameters.
Ampelographic analysis, which includes the data on producing characteristics and cluster and berry composition of the varieties, revealed significant differences between the analysed grape varieties. Results of the physicochemical analysis of the Belica wine showed that all wines met the requirements needed for the production of quality and top quality wines labelled with protected designation of origin (PDO) in Croatian coastal region. The LC-QQQ-MS analysis confirmed the presence of different phenolic components in the Belica wines, where the most prominent phenols were flavonoids from the flavan-3-ol group. Overall, these results showed that autochthonous grapes from the Kastav region can be used for production of wines with added market value due to a growing demand for autochthonous products on the global market.
The presented results give scientific insight and a basis for further determination of the optimal cultivation technology aimed to take advantage of the best characteristics of each variety for production of a wine with desirable features.
Dalmatian vineyards host many autochthonous varieties. The phenolic profile, defined by the relative proportions of different phenolic compounds, is specific for each grape variety. The aim of this ...study was to determine and analyze the flavonoid compounds of twenty rare red grape varieties. Nineteen phenolic compounds, represented by anthocyanins, flavanols, and flavonols, were detected and quantified using HPLC in three consecutive vintages. The content of grape skin anthocyanins (10414.06 (Plavac mali crni)-19.58 (Trišnjavac) mg kg−1 d.w. of grape skin), flavonols (1742.08 (Pošip crni)-215.56 (Crljenak viški) mg kg−1 d.w. of grape skin), and flavan-3-ols (448.04 (Pošip crni)-87.88 (Glavinuša) mg kg−1 d.w. of grape skin) showed significant differences in investigated varieties. According to the investigated phenolic compounds, Pošip crni, Ljutun, Zadarka, Dobričić, Plavac mali crni, and Trnjak differed from other investigated varieties. These local varieties can be perceived as an alternative to widespread varieties in Dalmatia. This was shown by one of the first studies on phenolic profiles of (mostly) rare autochthonous varieties.
Grape skin contains large amounts of different flavonoids so it can be used for their recovery. Optimization of enzyme-assisted extraction of flavonoids was conducted using oenological enzyme ...preparations with respect to enzyme dosage, temperature, extraction time, pH, and enzyme preparation. Optimal conditions were obtained using enzyme preparation Lallzyme EX-V, at the temperature of 45°C, time of 3 h, pH 2.0, and enzyme dosage of 10.52 mg/g. The new optimized extraction method is less expensive, simple, accurate, and selective for the recovery of simple flavonoids. It is based on an environmentally-friendly extraction solvent which may provide a valuable alternative to conventional methods.
Polyphenols are secondary plant metabolites and important organic compounds present in grapes, must and wine. The importance of polyphenolic compounds present in grapes is mainly related to the ...quality of the wine. Those compounds affect the colour, taste, astringency, bitterness, and potential of wine aging. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine and compare quantitative and qualitative changes in low molecular weight polyphenol content of 11 red grapevine varieties during ripening. Samples were collected periodically from the beginning of verasion to the technological maturity. The polyphenolic compounds were analysed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with prior lyophilization and extraction. Based on the obtained results, changes in the composition and content of researched groups of polyphenolic compounds during maturation were determined. Keywords: grape berry, red grapevine varieties, polyphenolic compounds, liquid chromatography Polifenoli su sekundarni biljni metaboliti te vazni organski spojevi prisutni u grozdu, mostu i vinu. Vaznost polifenolnih spojeva prisutnih u grozdu uglavnom je vezana uz kakvocu vina obzirom da utjecu na boju, okus, astringenciju, gorcinu te potencijal starenja vina. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi i usporediti kvantitativne i kvalitativne promjene sadrzaja polifenola male molekulske mase u kozici grozda 11 crnih sorata vinove loze tijekom dozrijevanja grozda. Uzorci su prikupljani periodicno od pocetka sare do tehnoloske zrelosti. Sadrzaj polifenola u kozici boba utvrden je tekucinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC) uz prethodnu liofilizaciju i ekstrakciju. Temeljem dobivenih rezultata utvrdene su promjene sastava i sadrzaja pojedinih grupa polifenolnih spojeva tijekom dozrijevanja. Kljucne rijeci: boba grozda, crne sorte, polifenolni spojevi, tekucinska kromatografija Polyphenols are secondary plant metabolites and important organic compounds present in grapes, must and wine. The importance of polyphenolic compounds in grapes is mainly related to the quality of the wine. Those compounds affect the colour, taste, astringency, bitterness, and potential of wine aging. Recently, due to numerous research of the polyphenolic composition of grapes, their nutritional value as well as many positive effects on human health have been recognized. Their beneficial effect on the organism derives from antioxidant capabilities, chelating activity, and inactivation of certain enzymes that are attributed to antitumor, antimicrobial, antiallergic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and many other properties. A large group of polyphenolic compounds such as phenolic acids (hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid), flavonoid stilbenes (anthocyanins, flavonols and flavan-3-ols) have been found in grape berry. The largest proportion of polyphenolic compounds in grape berries is contained in the seeds, then skin and pulp. Phenolic compounds are particularly important in red grape wine production technology, because they greatly affect the colour and the characteristic taste of wine. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the changes that occur in the polyphenol profile (hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols) of 11 red grape varieties during ripening. The research was set up in a vineyard at the location of experimental station Jazbina, viticultural region Sredisnja bregovita Hrvatska, subregion Prigorje - Bilogora and vineyard area Zagreb. Samples were collected periodically, from the beginning of the verasion to technological maturity. They were adequately stored, lyophilized, and subjected to extraction. The obtained extracts were analysed with high performance liquid chromatography. Based on the obtained results, anthocyanins are the most common polyphenol compounds in the skin of the investigated varieties, followed by flavanol glycosides, flavanol-3-ols and hydroxymethyl acids. The mass fraction of anthocyanin and flavonol glycosides in berry skin increases from the beginning of the verasion to the technological maturity, while the mass fraction of flavan-3-ols, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonol glycosides decreases by technological maturity.
Prosušivanje grožđa jedan je od ključnih postupaka u proizvodnji prošeka, desertnog vina s dugom tradicijom proizvodnje u Hrvatskoj. Tradicionalne sorte koje su se koristile u proizvodnji prošeka su ...autohtone sorte Dalmacije. Jedna od sorata koja se zbog svoje rasprostranjenosti i karakteristika može koristiti u proizvodnji prošeka je autohtona sorta 'Plavina'. Tradicionalna proizvodnja prošeka uključuje prosušivanje grožđa na zraku, međutim razvojem tehnologije otvorile su se i mogućnosti sušenja u kontroliranim uvjetima. Stoga je cilj rada bio utvrditi promjene kakvoće grožđa sorte 'Plavina crna' u kontroliranim uvjetima sušenja. Rezultati su pokazali kako je sušenjem došlo do koncentriranja sadržaja bobice te se povećao sadržaj šećera i organskih kiselina. Prosušivanjem se smanjio sadržaj polifenolnih i hlapljivih spojeva. Kako bi se utvrdio točan utjecaj na konačni proizvod, potrebna su daljnja istraživanja.
Grape drying is one of the key processes in prošek production, a sweet wine with long production history in Croatia. Traditional grape varieties use din prošek produsction are Dalmatian native varieties. One of the varieties that can be used due to its characteristics and cultivation area is 'Plavina'. Traditional prošek production includes sun-drying. However, with technology development the drying in contolled conditions was enabled. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the changes in the grape quality of 'Plavina' during the drying in controlled conditions. Results showed that during the drying process the berry content was concentrated due to which sugar content and total acidity increased. On the other hand, the polyphenolic and volatile compounds decresed. To determine specific influences on final product, further research is necessary.
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the application of mycorrhizal fungal inoculum on “Cabernet Sauvignon” (Vitis vinifera L.) leaf gas exchange, yield parameters, as well as grape ...berry composition, especially regarding phenolic compounds. The experiment was conducted over two years under natural vineyard conditions of the Zagreb wine-growing area, the continental region of Croatia. “Cabernet Sauvignon” grapevines were grafted on SO4 rootstock, both being commonly used in all wine production areas in Croatia. Results obtained demonstrated that symbiotic grapevines, in general, expressed improved leaf gas exchange parameters and higher yield parameters, especially regarding the number of clusters per vine. It should be emphasized that mycorrhizal fungi affected higher total flavan-3-ols, total anthocyanins, and total polyphenols in berry skin in both experimental years. Despite variation in some yield parameters, generally, it is possible to obtain higher yields together with the improved phenolic composition of grapes.
The research of sanitary status and virus presence was conducted on three native Croatian grapevine varieties (Kujudžuša bijela, Zlatarica vrgorska and Trnjak crni) that are grown in Dalmatia region. ...The investigation was done on 492 vines from 31 vineyards. Vines were tested by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) on four main economic viruses: arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 and 3 (GLRaV–1, GLRaV-3) as a first step in clonal selection of these rare native grapevine varieties. Altogether, 40 vines were free of all tested viruses. The research confirms high rate of virus infection and eroded sanitary status of all investigated varieties. The above indicates necessity of implementation clonal and sanitary selection programme.
Grape marc seeds contain large amounts of different polyphenolic compounds so they can be used for the recovery of these classes of compounds. A new green extraction method for the recovery of ...phenols from the grape seeds was developed. To provide a high quality extract sourced from natural product by using enzymes as alternative solvents and spending less energy, it is impeccable to call this method “green”. Furthermore, this method was optimized by finding out which conditions provide the best possible results and achieving the maximum recovery of polyphenols from grape seeds. The optimization of the enzyme-assisted extraction of phenols was conducted using the commercially available oenological enzyme preparations with respect to the enzyme dosage, temperature, extraction time, pH value and enzyme preparation by applying the response surface methodology. Optimal conditions were determined using the enzyme preparation Lallzyme EX-V, at the extraction temperature of 48 °C, extraction time of 2 h and 43 min, pH 3.5 and enzyme dosage of 20.00 mg g
−1
. The new optimized extraction method is less expensive, simple, fast, precise and selective for the recovery of simple phenols (monomeric and dimeric form) and since it is based on the environmentally friendly extraction solvent it may provide a valuable alternative to the conventional extraction methods. The obtained extracts can be used for the application in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industry.
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