The rice straw, an agricultural waste from Asians' main provision, was collected as feedstock to convert cellulose into ethanol through the enzymatic hydrolysis and followed by the fermentation ...process. When the two process steps are performed sequentially, it is referred to as separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). The steps can also be performed simultaneously, i.e., simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). In this research, the kinetic model parameters of the cellulose saccharification process step using the rice straw as feedstock is obtained from real experimental data of cellulase hydrolysis. Furthermore, this model can be combined with a fermentation model at high glucose and ethanol concentrations to form a SSF model. The fermentation model is based on cybernetic approach from a paper in the literature with an extension of including both the glucose and ethanol inhibition terms to approach more to the actual plants. Dynamic effects of the operating variables in the enzymatic hydrolysis and the fermentation models will be analyzed. The operation of the SSF process will be compared to the SHF process. It is shown that the SSF process is better in reducing the processing time when the product (ethanol) concentration is high. The means to improve the productivity of the overall SSF process, by properly using aeration during the batch operation will also be discussed.
The study of functional genomics has paved the way for directed approaches to the generation of genetically modified plants that produce novel and/or improved yields of pharmaceuticals. In the ...present study, an activation tagging mutagenesis (ATM) population of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a medicinal plant, was established by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The optimum conditions for Agrobacterium transformation were determined by the expression of green fluorescent protein. Under these optimized conditions, we isolated 1435 ATM cell lines with our initial antibiotic selection. Of these 1435 ATM cell lines, six lines (T1-T6) showed a red color on a selective medium containing 4.5 microM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), which is used as a phenotypic model system to identify the accumulation of tanshinones. 700 out of 1435 ATM cell lines were tested with a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) assay, 35 showed GUS activity. Southern blotting analysis revealed that the T1-T7 ATM cell lines have a single copy of the T-DNA insertion. Comparative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography of the tanshinones expressed by non-transformed and ATM-transformed calli revealed varying quantities of tanshinones. There were negligible tanshinones in non-transformed white calli induced with 2,4-D. ATM lines T1-T6 showed significant increases in the yields of tanshinone-I (up to 43-fold), tanshinone-IIA (up to 26-fold) and cryptotanshinone (up to 104-fold) compared with those of the non-transgenic lines on 2,4-D medium. Interestingly, the yield of cryptotanshinone from line T4 on 2,4-D medium was two times higher than that of the non-transgenic lines on Trans-zeatin riboside medium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a quantitative and qualitative improvement in quinoid diterpene production achieved in a medicinally important plant species by activation tagging.
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors are expected to become a new type of antidiabetic drugs. Most known DPP-IV inhibitors often resemble the dipeptide cleavage products, with a proline mimic ...at the P1 site. As off-target inhibitions of DPP8 and/or DPP9 have shown profound toxicities in the in vivo studies, it is important to develop selective DPP-IV inhibitors for clinical usage. To achieve this, a new class of 2-3-2-(2S)-2-cyano-1-pyrrolidinyl-2-oxoethylamino-1-oxopropyl-based DPP-IV inhibitors was synthesized. SAR studies resulted in a number of DPP-IV inhibitors, having IC50 values of <50 nM with excellent selectivity over both DPP8 (IC50 > 100 μM) and DPP-II (IC50 > 30 μM). Compound 21a suppressed the blood glucose elevation after an oral glucose challenge in Wistar rats and also inhibited plasma DPP-IV activity for up to 4 h in BALB/c mice. The results show that compound 21a possesses in vitro and in vivo activities comparable to those of NVP-LAF237 (4), which is in clinical development.
碩士
臺北市立大學
運動教育研究所
104
Abstract
The study of Labor Safety and Health found more than 30% of nursing staffs due to long time standing, transporting patients, to help patients changing position and ...insufficient rest time that caused occupational injuries as low back pain. There were 10 % chronic back pain nurses who had 6 months medical treatment. It still was unable to improve pain and back to work. Studies had been proved that the Whole-body vibration training could increase bone density, improve blood circulation, increase muscle flexibility, and increase core muscles endurance. The effectiveness of vibration training on nurses of low back pain had not been extended. The purpose of study explored the effectiveness of vibration training on nurses and ward assistants of low back pain. There were 20 nurses and ward assistants of local hospital in Taipei to join the study. It randomly assigned to10 in the control group and 10 in the experimental group. They had static action training in the control group, and the
The spatial structure of species richness is often characterized by the species-area relationship (SAR). However, the SAR approach rarely considers the spatial variability of individual plants that ...arises from species interactions and species' habitat associations. Here, we explored how the interactions of individual plants of target species influence SAR patterns at a range of neighborhood distances. We analyzed the data of 113,988 woody plants of 110 species from the Fushan Forest Dynamics Plot (25 ha), northern Taiwan, which is a subtropical rainforest heavily influenced by typhoons. We classified 34 dominant species into 3 species types (i.e., accumulator, repeller, or no effect) by testing how the individual species-area relationship (i.e., statistics describing how neighborhood species richness changes around individuals) of target species departs (i.e., positively, negatively, or with no obvious trend) from a null model that accounts for habitat association. Deviation from the null model suggests that the net effect of species' interactions increases (accumulate) or decreases (repel) neighborhood species richness. We found that (i) accumulators were dominant at small interaction distances (<10-30 m); (ii) the detection of accumulator species was lower at large interaction distances (>30 m); (iii) repellers were rarely detected; and (iv) large-sized and abundant species tended to be accumulators. The findings suggest that positive species interactions have the potential to accumulate neighborhood species richness, particularly through size- and density-dependent mechanisms. We hypothesized that the frequently disturbed environment of this subtropical rainforest (e.g., typhoon-driven natural disturbances such as landslides, soil erosion, flooding, and windthrow) might create the spatial heterogeneity of species richness and promote positive species interactions.
This study describes the development of an efficient and reliable activation tagging system for the medicinal fungus
Antrodia cinnamomea. For successful
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated ...transformation, different parameters were considered. The
Agrobacterium concentration of 5
×
10
8
cfu
ml
−1, 1
m
m acetosyringone, 25-d-old mycelia at 0.2
g
ml
−1, and co-culture period of 6
d were found to be the most optimal conditions for enhancing the transformation efficiency. The mitotic stability of transferred DNA (T-DNA) was demonstrated by growing eight randomly selected putative transformants in malt extract agar medium for five subcultures. Insertion of T-DNA into the genome of transformants was confirmed by PCR and Southern hybridization. Results showed that 88
% of the mutants contained a single T-DNA insertion. Two of the mutants were observed with different triterpenoid profiles compared with the untransformed cultures. Our results suggest a new functional genomics approach to tag the triterpenoid biosynthesis genes in
A. cinnamomea.
碩士
國立臺灣大學
植物學研究所
89
Taipei District is located at the northern end of Taiwan Island. There is much variation in geological element, topographic construction, and climate within this area. In the ...past, botanists had made a lot of investigation on the floristic composition of forest around Taipei Basin; some of those were even concentrated on the influence of local geology and climate. However, these studies were mostly focused on a specific small-scale area. Therefore, the author attempts to sample all the parts of low-altitude forest around suburbs in Taipei in a more extensive sense, and then elucidates the variation.
52 plots are set at foothills around Taipei. The position of sample plots is arranged as an arc from northwest to southeast and below 700 m high in altitude. After the calculation on multivariate analysis, the floristic composition of forest can be divided into 5 dominance types, and the ground layer vegetation into 4 dominance types. Each of these types contains local deviation to a certain ex
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