Feminist news media researchers have long contended that masculine news values shape journalists' quotidian decisions about what is newsworthy. As a result, it is argued, topics and issues ...traditionally regarded as primarily of interest and relevance to women are routinely marginalised in the news, while men's views and voices are given privileged space. When women do show up in the news, it is often as "eye candy," thus reinforcing women's value as sources of visual pleasure rather than residing in the content of their views. To date, evidence to support such claims has tended to be based on small-scale, manual analyses of news content. In this article, we report on findings from our large-scale, data-driven study of gender representation in online English language news media. We analysed both words and images so as to give a broader picture of how gender is represented in online news. The corpus of news content examined consists of 2,353,652 articles collected over a period of six months from more than 950 different news outlets. From this initial dataset, we extracted 2,171,239 references to named persons and 1,376,824 images resolving the gender of names and faces using automated computational methods. We found that males were represented more often than females in both images and text, but in proportions that changed across topics, news outlets and mode. Moreover, the proportion of females was consistently higher in images than in text, for virtually all topics and news outlets; women were more likely to be represented visually than they were mentioned as a news actor or source. Our large-scale, data-driven analysis offers important empirical evidence of macroscopic patterns in news content concerning the way men and women are represented.
Abstract Explaining predictions for drug repositioning with biological knowledge graphs is a challenging problem. Graph completion methods using symbolic reasoning predict drug treatments and ...associated rules to generate evidence representing the therapeutic basis of the drug. Yet the vast amounts of generated paths that are biologically irrelevant or not mechanistically meaningful within the context of disease biology can limit utility. We use a reinforcement learning based knowledge graph completion model combined with an automatic filtering approach that produces the most relevant rules and biological paths explaining the predicted drug’s therapeutic connection to the disease. In this work we validate the approach against preclinical experimental data for Fragile X syndrome demonstrating strong correlation between automatically extracted paths and experimentally derived transcriptional changes of selected genes and pathways of drug predictions Sulindac and Ibudilast. Additionally, we show it reduces the number of generated paths in two case studies, 85% for Cystic fibrosis and 95% for Parkinson’s disease.
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by numerous renal cysts, the progressive expansion of which can impact kidney function and lead ...eventually to renal failure. Tolvaptan is the only disease-modifying drug approved for the treatment of ADPKD, however its poor side effect and safety profile necessitates the need for the development of new therapeutics in this area. Using a combination of transcriptomic and machine learning computational drug discovery tools, we predicted that a number of existing drugs could have utility in the treatment of ADPKD, and subsequently validated several of these drug predictions in established models of disease. We determined that the anthelmintic mebendazole was a potent anti-cystic agent in human cellular and
in vivo
models of ADPKD, and is likely acting through the inhibition of microtubule polymerisation and protein kinase activity. These findings demonstrate the utility of combining computational approaches to identify and understand potential new treatments for traditionally underserved rare diseases.
The automated parsing of 130,213 news articles about the 2012 US presidential elections produces a network formed by the key political actors and issues, which were linked by relations of support and ...opposition. The nodes are formed by noun phrases and links by verbs, directly expressing the action of one node upon the other. This network is studied by applying insights from several theories and techniques, and by combining existing tools in an innovative way, including: graph partitioning, centrality, assortativity, hierarchy and structural balance. The analysis yields various patterns. First, we observe that the fundamental split between the Republican and Democrat camps can be easily detected by network partitioning, which provides a strong validation check of the approach adopted, as well as a sound way to assign actors and topics to one of the two camps. Second, we identify the most central nodes of the political camps. We also learnt that Clinton played a more central role than Biden in the Democrat camp; the overall campaign was much focused on economy and rights; the Republican Party (Grand Old Party or GOP) is the most divisive subject in the campaign, and is portrayed more negatively than the Democrats; and, overall, the media reported positive statements more frequently for the Democrats than the Republicans. This is the first study in which political positions are automatically extracted and derived from a very large corpus of online news, generating a network that goes well beyond traditional word-association networks by means of richer linguistic analysis of texts.
Content analysis of 150 years of British periodicals Lansdall-Welfare, Thomas; Sudhahar, Saatviga; Thompson, James ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
01/2017, Letnik:
114, Številka:
4
Journal Article
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Previous studies have shown that it is possible to detect macroscopic patterns of cultural change over periods of centuries by analyzing large textual time series, specifically digitized books. This ...method promises to empower scholars with a quantitative and data-driven tool to study culture and society, but its power has been limited by the use of data from books and simple analytics based essentially on word counts. This study addresses these problems by assembling a vast corpus of regional newspapers from the United Kingdom, incorporating very fine-grained geographical and temporal information that is not available for books. The corpus spans 150 years and is formed by millions of articles, representing 14% of all British regional outlets of the period. Simple content analysis of this corpus allowed us to detect specific events, like wars, epidemics, coronations, or conclaves, with high accuracy, whereas the use of more refined techniques from artificial intelligence enabled us to move beyond counting words by detecting references to named entities. These techniques allowed us to observe both a systematic underrepresentation and a steady increase of women in the news during the 20th century and the change of geographic focus for various concepts. We also estimate the dates when electricity overtook steam and trains overtook horses as a means of transportation, both around the year 1900, along with observing other cultural transitions. We believe that these data-driven approaches can complement the traditional method of close reading in detecting trends of continuity and change in historical corpora.
We present a methodology for the extraction of narrative information from a large corpus. The key idea is to transform the corpus into a network, formed by linking the key actors and objects of the ...narration, and then to analyse this network to extract information about their relations. By representing information into a single network it is possible to infer relations between these entities, including when they have never been mentioned together. We discuss various types of information that can be extracted by our method, various ways to validate the information extracted and two different application scenarios. Our methodology is very scalable, and addresses specific research needs in social sciences.
In recent years there has been an increased interest in computational social sciences, digital humanities and political sciences to perform automated quantitative narrative analysis (QNA) of text in ...large scale, by studying actors, actions and relations in a given narration. Social scientists have always relied on news media content to study opinion biases and extraction of socio-historical relations and events. Yet in order to perform analysis they had to face labour-intensive coding where basic narrative information was manually extracted from text and annotated by hand. This PhD thesis addresses this problem using a big-data approach based on automated information extraction using state of the art Natural Language Processing, Text mining and Artificial Intelligence tools. A text corpus is transformed into a semantic network formed of subject-verb-object (SVO) triplets, and the resulting network is analysed drawing from various theories and techniques such as graph partitioning, network centrality, assortativity, hierarchy and structural balance. Furthermore we study the position of actors in the network of actors and actions; generate scatter plots describing the subject/object bias, positive/ negative bias of each actor; and investigate the types of actions each actor is most associated with. Apart from QNA, SVO triplets extracted from text can also be used to summarize documents. Our findings are demonstrated on two different corpora containing English news articles about US elections and Crime and a third corpus containing ancieilt folklore stories from the Gutenberg Project. Amongst potentially interesting findings we found the 2012 US elections campaign was very much focused on 'Economy' and 'Rights'; and overall, the media reported more frequently positive statements for the Democrats than the Republicans. In the Crime study we found that the network identified men as frequent perpetrators, and women and children as victims, of violent crime. A network approach to text based on semantic graphs is a promising approach to analyse large corpora of texts and, by retaining relational information pertaining to actors and objects, this approach can reveal latent and hidden patterns, and therefore has relevance in the social sciences and humanities.
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