The gut is a fundamental organ system which makes up two equally important functions, i.e., the digestion and host defence. To elicit the well-functioning and healthy gut, the dynamic balance of gut ...ecosystem is of importance. A wide range of factors related to diets and infectious disease agents seem to affect this balance, and subsequently affect the health status and production performance of the chicken. With the ban and/or reduction of the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry production, the alternatives to AGP are needed especially to preserve the balance of gut microbiota in chicken. This review provides a summary of the potentials and possible mechanisms of action of some alternatives to AGP (referred as nutraceuticals) in improving the gut microbial ecosystem and immune system as well as growth performance of poultry.
The relationship between filamentous fungi and broiler chicks has long been recognized. In the past, filamentous fungi have been attributed to the disease occurrence and feed contamination causing ...substantial economic loss in broiler production. Currently, the relationship is expanded to the use of filamentous fungi as probiotics, fermentation starters, antioxidant sources and enzyme producers that can exert beneficial impacts on broiler production. This present review provides a summary of the role of filamentous fungi in broiler production.
Stocking broilers at a high density has been a strategy to optimize the area of the cage and hence increase the efficiency of broiler production. If the environmental (microclimate) conditions and ...rearing management are not properly managed, stocking broilers at a high density may, however, result in stressful conditions that are harmful for the production, health and welfare of broilers. To ameliorate these unfavorable effects of overcrowding stress, dietary interventions have been conducted. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, plant-derived products, vitamins, propolis, amino acids, fatty acids, etc. have been supplemented in diets to deal with the harmful impact of stress induced by a high stocking density of broilers. This review covers the detrimental effects of overcrowding-induced stress on broiler development and attempts to ameliorate those negative effects by dietary interventions.
To ensure the long-term viability of broiler farming, producers must address a number of issues, including rising feed costs, a ban on antibiotic growth promoters, and growing consumer awareness of ...chemical residues in broiler chicken meat. Fruit peel is a waste with no commercial value, but due to its high nutritional content, particularly in terms of energy, it has the potential to be used as an alternative feed source for broiler chicks. Fruit peel also contains a number of nutraceutical compounds that have the potential to be added to feed or used as natural supplements for broiler chickens due to their antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunostimulant properties. Fruit peels have high fiber content and antinutritional and toxic components that may interfere with broiler digestion and physiological function, so they should be used cautiously in broiler production. Various processes, including fermentation, extraction, distillation, and combining with other active components, such as enzymes, may be used to optimize the use of fruit peels in broiler production. This review examines the use of fruit peel and its effects on broiler growth and health.
The steady increase in the price of protein feed ingredients and the retraction of antibiotics from diets has encouraged nutritionists to search the alternatives for protein source and functional ...feedstuffs that can substitute the role of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. With crude protein of 24-30%, in vitro protein digestibility of 80% and proportion of essential amino acids of 47%, seed from ripe papaya may be exploited as the alternative protein feed ingredient for poultry. Moreover, the growth promoting effect, antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities, and immunomodulatory and antioxidative activities may confirm the potential of papaya seed as a functional feedstuff that could replace the role of antibiotic growth promoters for poultry. The in-depth study is needed to further elucidate the functionalities of papaya seed on poultry. This review provides the updates on the nutritional contents of papaya seed, the potential of papaya seed as an alternative to conventional protein-rich ingredient, the growth-promoting effect of feeding papaya seed, the antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities of papaya seed, antioxidative activities of papaya seed, and the immunomodulatory activity of papaya seed on poultry.
Based on the report of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the quality of human resource in Indonesia is very low which can be seen from Human Development Index (HDI). In 2013, HDI of ...Indonesia is at the ranking of 121 from 187 countries. Cooperative learning model can be used to increase the quality of Indonesia people for the future. In studying, a person must have a partner or a friend so that the friend can be invited to solve a problem. So here, cooperative learning is learning which groups students into small groups in the classroom in order to work together. Based on the result, it is proved that the result of learning the basic of political science students treated by GI cooperative learning model is higher.
Previously, fermentation has been associated with methods that improve the nutritional value of unconventional feed ingredients for broilers. In recent decades, the fermentation process has been ...employed to produce functional feeds that have the potential to improve broiler gastrointestinal tract microecology, health and production performance. Some of the functional ingredients found in fermented feed include lactic acid bacteria (LAB), lactic acid and other organic acids, and appear to play major roles in determining the beneficial effects of fermented feed on broiler gut health and performance. Unlike the pig, the available literature on broiler fermented feed is still rather limited. This review describes recent advances in the use of fermented feed (on the basis of conventional and unconventional feed ingredients) in broilers. Similarly, this review also shows that additional research is necessary to exploit fermented feed as a viable food source in broiler nutrition.
Herbal supplements have been researched for decades as a safe alternative to synthetic antioxidants. These natural supplements may help broilers enhance their meat quality, growth, and physiological ...circumstances. The phenolic compounds in herbal products can serve as antioxidants, thereby responsible for lessening the negative effect of stress before slaughter. One of the most critical factors impacting broiler meats' physical, chemical, and oxidative stability is stress before slaughter. Reducing stress levels during rearing may be anticipated to enhance broiler meat qualities. Some studies have found that herbal supplementation improves meat qualities, whereas others have no impact. The efficacy of herbal supplementation on meat characteristics may be determined by the nature and levels of herbal supplementation and the condition of the animals throughout the rearing. The use of plant-derived products in broiler production and their impact on carcass characteristics, physical and organoleptic qualities, chemical compositions, and oxidative stability of broiler meats are covered in this review.
In recent years, the increasing price of protein-rich feed ingredients and retraction of antibiotic growth promoters from diets have become serious problems for broiler producers worldwide. Plant ...leaves are considered as alternative and cheap protein-rich feed ingredient for broilers owing to their high protein content. Studies have also shown that fermented plant leaves could serve as natural growth promoter, which is beneficial for broilers during the post-antibiotic era. Fermented leaves can also be used as natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for broilers as they consist of phytochemical compounds. This review presents the effects of dietary incorporation of fermented plant leaves on growth performance, physiological condition, and meat characteristics of broiler chickens based on the most recent literature. Keywords: Broilers, fermentation, health, meat quality, phytochemicals, plant leaves
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