Piper retrofractum
Vahl contains piperine compounds that, once extracted, have the disadvantages of low solubility and bioavailability. The enhanced solubility will significantly impact the ...absorption of medications in the body, resulting in rapid and noticeable results. Nanoparticle technology was developed to overcome this problem. The research aims to obtain optimum conditions for synthesizing Javanese long pepper extract nanoparticles under optimal particle size, Polydispersity Index (PDI), and piperine content. The research employed the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method utilizing Central Composite Design (CCD) with a ratio factor of chitosan:STTP and the stirring speed. The utilization of RSM facilitated the optimization of nanoparticle manufacturing by considering various treatment parameters. RMS was selected due to its relevance as a tool for optimizing the manufacturing process of nanoparticles. The RMS result represents the optimal state of the nanoparticle manufacturing process, effectively addressing the study objectives. The research findings indicated that the most favorable circumstances for producing nanoparticles from Javanese long pepper extract were achieved with a chitosan:STTP ratio of 3,241:1 and a stirring speed of 826,133 rpm. The nanoparticles were obtained under these specific conditions, resulting in an optimal particle size of 33,884 nm, an optimal Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.675, and an optimal piperine content of 26,936%. This research provides valuable insights for the community and the pharmaceutical/herbal sector regarding using piperine compounds as therapeutic substances. Specifically, it highlights their potential to enhance bioavailability and absorption in the body.
Lerak (Sapindus rarak Dc.) is an Asian plant that produces saponins, artificial surfactant, used as cleaning agent. Lerak has been used as traditional cleaning product because it is believed to ...maintain the color of the product, and also eco-friendly. The use of lerak as a traditional cleaning product is inefficient, so in this study lerak will processed as liquid laundry soap. This study conducted to determine the effect of lerak concentration (5 %, 7 % and 9 %) to the physicochemical properties of liquid laundry soap. This study used Randomized Block Design (RBD), analyzed by one way ANOVA and the next test used LSD test. Based on the research, lerak concentration were significantly different on pH, free fatty acids and clean ability of liquid laundry soap but were not significantly different on specific gravity, viscosity, foam stability of liquid laundry soap. The best treatment is liquid laundry soap with 7 % lerak concentration that have higher values of clean ability and viscosity. The addition of lerak concentration in liquid laundry is proven to increase their cleaning power and eco-friendly but will be constant at saturated level.
Pindah panas terjadi karena perbedaan suhu yang terdapat pada suatu benda. Pada penelitian ini hanya dibahas mengenai pindah panas secara konduksi, dan secara konveksi (dalam dan luar tube). Tujuan ...dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui nilai pindah panas konduksi dan konveksi pada heat exchanger dari proses evaporasi nira tebu menggunakan evaporator efek ganda dan pengaruhnya terhadap laju penguapan. Metode yang digunakan melalui pengamatan dan eksperimen pada heat exchanger yang terdapat pada evaporator tabung kedua. Bahan yang digunakan berupa nira tebu sebanyak 50 liter pada tabung efek 1 dan 26 liter pada tabung efek 2. Eksperimen dan pengambilan data berupa suhu, tekanan, dan volume dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali ulangan. Setiap proses ulangan dilakukan pada waktu 5,2 jam dalam kondisi vakum. Pencatatan data suhu dan tekanan dilakukan setiap 10 menit. Selain itu dilakukan penentuan ketebalan plat, jenis plat, luas permukaan kontak bahan, dan karakteristik bahan yang diproses. Selanjutnya data tersebut disubtitusikan dalam beberapa persamaan pindah panas untuk mendapatkan besaran nilainya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan nilai overall heat transfer coeficient dari pindah panas konveksi sebesar 35,98 w/m2K. Sedangkan pindah panas total dari konveksi dan konduksi pada heat exchanger adalah sebesar 4656,6 watt. Nilai pindah panas tersebut dapat menyebabkan laju evaporasi nira tebu pada efek 2 sebesar 1,03 liter/jam.
Madu berguna untuk proses metabolisme tubuh pada manusia namun memiliki sifat higrokopis sehingga perlu penanganan pascapanen. Kualitas madu dipengaruhi oleh kadar air. Kadar air yang tinggi ...menyebabkan madu mudah berfermentasi dengan khamir. Proses pengolahan pascapanen madu yaitu pasteurisasi dan evaporasi. Pada proses pasteurisasi dan evaporasi suhu yang digunakan tidak boleh melebihi 70ºC karena akan merusak kualitas madu. Penggunaan ohmic heating untuk pasteurisasi dan vacuum cooling untuk proses evaporasi dan pendinginan menggunakan suhu di bawah 70ºC. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis perubahan enzim diastase, kadar air, total padatan terlarut, dan viskositas madu karet setelah proses pasteurisasi menggunakan ohmic heating dan setelah pendinginan cepat menggunakan vacuum cooling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil pengukuran enzim diastase raw memiliki nilai DN yaitu 12,06 ± 0,146, setelah dipasteurisasi yaitu 8,79 ± 0,132 dan setelah pendinginan yaitu 7,98 ± 0,327. Hasil pengukuran kadar air raw sebesar 17,1 ± 0,153%, setelah pasteurisasi sebesar 16,4 ± 0,306% dan setelah pendinginan menjadi 14,1 ± 0,153%. Hasil pengukuran total padatan terlarut pada madu raw sebesar 62,7 ± 0,577 ºBrix, setelah dipasteurisasi sebesar 64,3 ± 0,577 ºBrix, dan setelah pendinginan menjadi 65± 0,000 ºBrix. Hasil pengukuran viskositas raw sebesar 5,681 ± 0,002 poise, kemudian setelah di pasteurisasi sebesar 5,921± 0,013 poise, dan setelah pendinginan yaitu menjadi 9,506 ± 0,000 poise. Penelitian ini menghasilkan madu dengan kadar air dan enzim diastase yang memenuhi baku mutu, viskositas mendekati baku mutu, walaupun total padatan terlarut belum memenuhi baku mutu.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of the voltage of the pulsed electric field (PEF) and ginger extract concentration on sugar cane juice's physicochemical and organoleptic quality. The ...experiments were carried out at voltages of 20 kV and 40 kV, and ginger extract concentrations of 2, 4, and 6%. The PEF with 40 kV and 6% ginger extract concentration resulted in the most efficient microbial reduction by 99.54%. Sugarcane juice has a total number of microbes of 3.7x103 CFU/ml, antibacterial activity 1.48, pH of 6.26, total solids dissolved of 20.5 °Brix, a viscosity of 4.67 Cp, reducing sugar of 2.17%, brightness of 24.4, redness of 7.17, and yellowness of 8.1. The combination of pulsed electric field and ginger extract addition can preserve the shelf life and maintain sugarcane juice quality. The higher the PEF voltage and ginger extract concentration, the longer the quality of the sugarcane juice can be preserved.
Moisture diffusivity and activation energy are two important variables in a drying process to understand a certain product's drying behavior. This study aimed to determine the value of effective ...moisture diffusivity and the activation energy of red pepper in a conventional forced convective drying based on electricity (conventional convective drying/CCD) and forced convective drying based on solar energy (convective solar drying/CSD). The value of effective moisture diffusivity was determined using the equation, which refers to Fick’s second law. The Arrhenius equation determines the activation energy value as a model of the relationship of inverse temperature and the normal logarithmic value of effective moisture diffusivity. The results showed that the values of effective moisture diffusivity of CCD 70 °C were the highest. The regression analysis between the drying layers (X), and effective moisture diffusivity (Y) showed a polynomial pattern with a coefficient determination R2 value of 0.85 (CCD 70 °C), 0.81 (CCD 60 °C), 0.88 (CCD 50 °C), and 0.48 (CSD). (R2) The higher moisture diffusivity values in CCD indicated that the drying systems are more stable than CSD. The drying activation energy calculation showed that the value of CCD's activation energy was 36.36 kJ/mol.K, while the value of CSD's activation energy was 31.28 kJ/mol.K. Those results were consistent with the results of the previous studies.
The effect of conventional convective drying (CCD) and convective solar drying (CSD) based on a solar collector and photovoltaic on the quality of dried red pepper was researched. The study was aimed ...to determine the effect of five drying system (CCD 50°C, CCD 60°C, CCD 70°C, CSD, and open sun drying) on the quality attributes of dried red pepper. The quality observed were rehydration ratio, ascorbic acid, capsaicin, non-enzymatic browning index, anthocyanin, and carotenoids. The results of the study confirmed that the drying system significantly affected the quality attributes of dried red pepper except for anthocyanin. The CSD had a satisfactory result, shown by some attributes (carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and ratio) which were not statistically different from the quality of dried red pepper gained from CCD 50°C.
Abstrak. Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) adalah tanaman yang sering dimanfaatkan daunnya untuk bahan pangan maupun juga sebagai obat-obatan karena memiliki kandungan senyawa fenolik yang cukup tinggi. ...Ekstraksi senyawa fenol menggunakan metode konvensional masih memerlukan waktu yang cukup lama dan jumlah pelarut yang banyak. Sehingga perlu dicari alternatif metode ekstraksi yang memiliki waktu ekstraksi dan kebutuhan pelarut yang relatif rendah seperti menggunakan Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan ekstraksi senyawa fenolik dari daun kenikir dengan metode MAE terhadap total fenol dan aktivitas antioksidan. Penelitian ini menggunakan 2 faktor perlakuan yaitu rasio pelarut terhadap kenikir segar yaitu 1:4, 1:6, dan 1:8 (b/v) dan waktu ekstraksi 2, 3 dan 4 menit. Penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa nilai total fenol tertinggi (17,162 ± 0,11 mg GAE/g berat segar) diperoleh pada perlakuan rasio pelarut 1:8 (b/v), sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi (4,203 ± 0,26 mg/ml) pada perlakuan rasio pelarut 1:4 (b/v). Waktu perlakuan 3 menit menunjukkan hasil yang optimal untuk nilai total fenol dan aktivitas antioksidan. Hasil tersebut juga menunjukkan nilai yang lebih baik jika dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional baik dengan maserasi biasa dan maserasi dengan waterbath. Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Cosmos caudatus using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) Abstract. Cosmos caudatus, a plant commonly used its leaves for food and also as a medicine since it contains high phenolic compounds. The extraction of phenolic compounds using conventional methods still require more extraction time and need much more of solvent. Therefore, it was necessary to find an alternative extraction method that has a rapid extraction time and a few solvent need such as using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). The aim of this study is to extract of phenolic compounds from Cosmos caudatus with MAE method of total phenol and antioxidant activity. This study using 2 treatment factors, the sampel-solvent ratio of 1:4, 1:6, and 1:8 (w/v) and the extraction time of 2, 3 and 4 minutes. This study explained that the highest total phenolic compounds (17.162 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g fw) and antioxidant activity (4.203 ± 0.26 mg/ml) were obtained at 1:8 and 1:4 (w/v) of sampel-solvent ratio, respectively. The extraction time of 3 minutes was the optimal condition for total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. These results also showed the highest parameter value when compared with both conventional methods: maceration and maceration with waterbath.
This study investigated the effects of the pressing temperature on the mechanical and physical properties of binderless bark particleboard made from Gelam bark waste and the improvement of those ...properties. In addition, the thermal insulation properties of the particleboard were determined. Four different temperatures (140 °C, 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C) were used to make single-layer binderless bark particleboard with a target density of less than or equal to 0.59 g/cm3. Results revealed that the pressing temperature affected the mechanical properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and tensile strength perpendicular to panel surface), which increased as the temperature increased, and the physical properties (thickness swelling and water absorption), which decreased as the temperature increased. Based on the Tukey test, increasing the temperature from 180 to 200 °C did not significantly affect the mechanical or physical properties, except for the tensile strength perpendicular to panel surface. None of the mechanical properties met SNI standard 03-2105-2006 (2006); however, the 12% maximum thickness swelling requirement was met for binderless bark particleboard hot-pressed at 200 °C. Binderless bark particleboard hot-pressed at 200 °C had high water resistance, regardless of its low strength, and a thermal conductivity value of 0.14 W/m∙K.
Received Sep 19, 2019 Revised Feb 27, 2020 Accepted Apr 3, 2020 Keywords: Exposure time Frequency Plant acoustic frequency technology Red-lettuce ABSTRACT The application of plant acoustic frequency ...technology (PAFT) can spur plant growth, increase productivity, immune system, quality, and extend the shelf life of agricultural products after harvest. ...in an open environment, plant growth is also indirectly affected by the surrounding sounds, one of which is animal sound and wind 8-11. Tools used in this study included: 1) The closed chamber in green house as a place for cultivation of red-lettuce; 2) Speaker Advance duo 050, as a sound source; 3) RTC DS3231, used to control the timing of voting; 4) Relay 4 channel 5 volts, to control the speaker automatically; 5) AC to DC 12 V10 A Power Supply, as an electronic circuit of power source; 6) Arduino uno atmega, as a microcontroller to run automation; 7) MP3 Decoder 5 volt (mono speaker), functions as a sound generator; 8) Sound level meter (Extech Instruments), to measure sound levels; 9) Hygrometer (Anymetre model: Materials used in this study included: 1) red-lettuce seeds, as the main object of treatment; 2) vermicompost fertilizer, as soil organic matter and nutrients for plants; 3) organic liquid fertilizer, to provide plant nutrition during growth; 4) nail polish, as the stomata printing medium of the leaf.
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